faculty of pharmacy Suez canal university

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Fruits
Dr Eman Sanad
Department of Pharmacognosy
Suez Canal University

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7. Capsicum
Origin:
 The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum minimum
(Fam. Solanaceae).
 Contains not more than 3% of calyx and
pedicels.

3. 7. Capsicum

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7. Capsicum
Morphology:
 It is a berry, oblong, conical, about 10 to 25 mm
long.
 The fruit is orange-red in color, with a 3-toothed
calyx and a slender straight pedicel.
 The pericarp is glabrous, thin and leathery.
 The seeds are brownish-yellow, 10-20 in each
fruit, attached to a thin membranous
dissepiment.
 Capsicum has a characteristic odor and an
extremely fiery pungent taste.

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7. Capsicum
Histology:
 I. Pericarp:
 1. Epicarp:
 thick, rectangular cells, arranged in groups of 5
to 7 in a row with a striated cuticle.
 2. Mesocarp:
 parenchyma containing oil globules and
idioblasts of Ca Ox.
 The innermost layer: giant cells.

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7. Capsicum
Histology:
 3. Endocarp:
 Formed of islets of isodiametric sclereids with
thick, lignified, sinuous walls, one islet over the
cavity of each giant cell.

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7. Capsicum
Histology:
 III. Seed:
 The seed coat: consists of an epidermis
composed of very large, sinuous-walled
cells, with characteristic thickening on
the inner walls and a nutritive layer of
collapsed parenchymatous cells.
 The endosperm: thick-walled
parenchyma containing fixed oil and
aleurone grains.

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7. Capsicum
Active Constituents:
 Pungent principle capsaicin.
 Carotenoids, vitamins A and C.
 Proteins.
 Fixed oil.
 Flavonoids.

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7. Capsicum
Adulterants:
 Bombay Capsicum (Cayenne pepper):
 They are the fruits of Capsicum annum.
 The pericarp is thicker and tougher than
the official drug.
 The pedicel is frequently bent.
 Much LESS pungent.

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7. Capsicum
 Therapeutic Uses:
 Pain-relieving properties (by destroying
substance P), and is therefore helpful when
applied topically for:
 Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
 Shingles and other painful skin conditions.
 Post surgically.
 Chronic headaches, including cluster
headaches.
 Pain from peripheral neuropathy.
 Low back pain.
 Toothache.

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7. Capsicum
Therapeutic Uses:
 May help in weight loss.
 Prevents infections of the digestive system.
 Carotenoids possess antioxidant properties.

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7. Capsicum
Chemical test:
The pungency of Capsicum is not
destroyed by KOH and is destroyed by
oxidizing agents such as potassium
permanganate (KMnO4).
 (The pungency of ginger is destroyed by
KOH).

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8. Colocynth (pulp)
Origin:
The dried unripe fruits of Citrullus
colocynthis (Fam. Cucurbitaceae), deprived
of its seeds and outer hard pericarp.

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8. Colocynth
Morphology:
 Spongy globular masses, of variable
size, yellowish-white in color.
 T.S. of the fruit: three splits radiating
from the center and dividing the fruit
into 3 parts, each containing 2 groups
of seeds.
The remaining space is filled with pithy
parenchyma.
 Colocynth has an intensely bitter, persistent taste.

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8. Colocynth
Histology:
 I. Pericarp:
 Colocynth is formed of spongy tissue,
composed of large, rounded parenchymatous
cells, almost devoid of contents, with large
intercellular spaces.
 Sclereids are present in the seed coat and in the
epicarp, if present.

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8. Colocynth
Active Constituents:
 An alkaloid with drastic purgative action,
even in small doses.
 An amorphous resin with purgative action.
 A glycoside (cucurbitacin E).
 Fixed oil.

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8. Colocynth
Therapeutic Uses:
 Powerful purgative, acting as a hydragogue
cathartic.
 Possesses potent cytotoxic properties due to
cucurbitacin.

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9. Senna pods
Origin:
The dried ripe fruits of Cassia acutifolia
(Alexandrian Senna) and of C. angustifolia
(Indian Senna) (Fam. Leguminosae).

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9. Senna pods
Morphology:
 The fruit is a legume, flat, and oblong in shape.
 Pale green with a brown central area over the
position of the seeds.
 Seeds are 5-7 in each fruit, wedge-shaped.
 Indian Senna pods have a darker central brown
area, are longer and less broad, with 6-8 seeds
in each fruit.

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9. Senna pods
Histology:
 I. Pericarp:
 1. Epicarp:
 Shows paracytic stomata, nonglandular
unicellular hairs with warty cuticle.
 2. Mesocarp: collenchymatous cells, followed
by parenchymatous cells, some containing
prisms of calcium oxalate.
 3. Endocarp: includes several layers of crossing
fibres.

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9. Senna pods
Histology:
 II. Seed:
 The seed coat: consists of an epidermis of
palisade-like thickened cells, followed by a layer
of cells with a horse shoe shaped outline.
 The endosperm: polygonal cells with thick
mucilagenous stratified walls.

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9. Senna pods
Powder:
 Crystal sheath (par.
with prisms of Ca Ox.,
crossing fibres).
 Epicarp with paracytic
stomata &
nonglandular
unicellular hairs.
 Clusters of Ca Ox.
 Fragments of seed coat
& endosperm.

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9. Senna pods
Active Constituents:
 Anthraquinone glycosides (sennosides A, B,
C, and D).
 Free anthraquinones as aloe-emodin, rhein,
and sennidin.

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9. Senna pods
 Therapeutic Uses:
 Purgative/ laxative in acute constipation.
 In cases of anal fissures and hemorrhoids.
 For evacuation of the lower bowel before X-ray
examination.
 Contra-indications:
 Pregnancy & lactation (use psyllium or bran).
 Intestinal obstruction.
 Chronic constipation.

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9. Senna pods
Powder + alcoholic KOH, boil
Cool, dilute with water, add HCl
Extract with ether, add NH4OH
to ether layer
Rose-red color
in aqueous layer
 Chemical Identification (modified Borntrager’s
test):

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10. Bitter orange peel
Origin:
The dried outer part of the pericarp of
Citrus aurantium (Fam. Rutaceae).

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10. Bitter orange peel
Morphology:
 Long spiral strips with a rough outer surface.
 Outer surface shows small circular pits above
the oil glands.
 Inner surface is white and pithy.

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10. Bitter orange peel
Histology:
 Numerous schizolysigenous oil glands are
present.
 Some parenchyma cells contain masses of
hesperidin and prisms of calcium oxalate.

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10. Bitter orange peel
Active Constituents:
Volatile oil.
An amorphous bitter principle.
Flavonoid compounds (hesperidin).
 Vitamins A, B, and C.
 Resins and pectins.

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10. Bitter orange peel
Therapeutic Uses:
 As a source of bioflavonoids, which decrease
capillary fragility (due to hesperidin).
 Weight loss: it is added in herbal preparations
for appetite suppression after the banning of
ephedra by the FDA (refer to Ephedra in herbs).
 Drug interactions:
 Bitter oranges may seriously interact with drugs
(e.g. statins) in a similar way to grapefruit.

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10. Bitter orange peel
Symptoms of
drug overdose
No drug
metabolism
CYP3A4
inhibition
by bitter
orange
CYP450
enzymes
Drug

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10. Bitter orange peel
1
Moisten the
transverse
section with
conc. HCl; a
dark green
color is
produced.
2
Moisten the
transverse
section with
5% potash
solution; a
yellow color
is produced.
Chemical Identification:

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1. Silybum (Milk Thistle)
Part Used:
The dried ripe fruits of Silybum marianum
(Fam. Asteraceae).

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1. Silybum (Milk Thistle)
Active Constituents:
 Flavolignans, mainly silybin (silibinin) and silymarin.
Therapeutic Uses:
 Hepatoprotective (anti-hepatotoxic) agent.
 Anti-cancer properties against prostate,
breast, colon, and lung cancers.

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2. Star Anise
Part Used:
 The dried ripe fruits of Illicium verum
(Fam. Magnoliaceae).

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2. Star Anise
Active Constituents:
 Volatile oil, consisting mainly of anethole.
Therapeutic Uses:
 Culinary uses & flavoring
agent in cough mixtures.
 As an industrial source of
shikimic acid, used in the
synthesis of Tamiflu.

38. 2. Star Anise
Shikimic acid
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

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2. Star Anise
Star Anise
Shikimic
acid
Oseltamivir
(Tamiflu)
Shikimic acid
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

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3. Poppy Capsule
Part Used:
 The milky exudate of the unripe fruits of
Papaver somniferum (Fam. Papaveraceae).
 Opium is the milky exudate collected by making
incisions in the green capsules.

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3. Poppy Capsule
Poppy flower
Poppy seeds

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3. Poppy Capsule
Active Constituents:
 Alkaloids (morphine, papaverine, codeine).
Therapeutic Uses:
 Morphine is used to relieve severe or agonizing
pain. (Adverse effects??)
 Codeine has anti-tussive properties.

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3. Poppy Capsule
Adverse effects of morphine:
 Addiction: tolerance and dependence
 Constipation
 Respiratory depression
 Nausea and vomiting.

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Tramadol
It is a synthetic compound that is structurally
similar to codeine and morphine.
Centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat
moderate to severe pain.
It has been suggested that tramadol could be
effective for relieving symptoms of depression,
anxiety, and phobias due to its euphoria-
inducing properties.
Administration of tramadol causes habituation,
leading to withdrawal symptoms upon stopping
the drug.
Overdose: seizures, respiratory depression.

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Wheat Flour:
 White flour is obtained from the endosperm
and whole wheat flour is obtained by
grinding the whole grain.
Bran:
 Obtained from the hard outer layer of the
pericarp, rich in fibres, useful for treating
constipation.
 Wheat germ:
 Wheat germ contains large amounts
of vitamin E, folic acid, phosphorus,
zinc, magnesium, and essential fatty acids.
4. Wheat Grain

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Cracked wheat
Bulgur
4. Wheat Grain

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5. Vanilla pods
Cured vanilla pods Vanilla extract Vanillin sugar

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5. Vanilla pods
 Vanilla pods are the dried cured fruits of Vanilla
planifolia, Fam. Orchidaceae.
 Production of commercial vanilla pods is done by
curing the fruits by dipping them in warm water and
repeatedly sweating them in the sun for two months.
The fruits lose 70-80 % of their weight and acquire
the characteristic color and odor of vanilla.
 The color and odor of vanilla are due to formation of
vanillin, which is formed from enzymatic hydrolysis of
glucovanillin and glucovanillyl alcohol of the fresh
fruits during the curing process.
 Vanillin sugar, sold in supermarkets, is usually
synthetic vanillin prepared from eugenol.

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