The effect of climate change on natural food levels

1. The effect of climate change on natural
food levels
Dr Abd El Rahman Khattaby
‫د‬
.
‫خطابى‬ ‫أحمد‬ ‫عبدالرحمن‬
Technical Support Manager at Aller Aqua Egypt
Senior Researcher at Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, ARC, Egypt
+201009016959 | a.a.khattaby@gmail.com | WhatsApp: +201009016959
‫الطبيع‬ ‫الغذاء‬ ‫مستويات‬ ‫على‬ ‫المناخية‬ ‫التغيرات‬ ‫تأثير‬
‫ى‬

2. ‫والبحار‬ ‫المحيطات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫الطبيعى‬ ‫الغذاء‬
‫يقصد‬
‫بالغذاء‬
‫الطبيعى‬
‫هو‬
‫كل‬
‫ما‬
‫تتغ‬
‫ذى‬
‫عليه‬
‫الكائنات‬
‫الحية‬
‫فى‬
‫الطبيعة‬
‫سوا‬
‫ء‬
‫نباتى‬
‫أو‬
‫حيوانى‬
‫أو‬
‫حتى‬
‫كائنات‬
‫دقيقة‬
‫أو‬
‫متح‬
‫للة‬
‫وموجود‬
‫فى‬
‫الطبيعة‬
‫بشكل‬
‫يتم‬
‫التغذ‬
‫ية‬
‫عليه‬
‫مباشرة‬
.
‫تبدأ‬
‫سلسلة‬
‫الغذاء‬
‫من‬
‫المواد‬
‫األولية‬
‫الب‬
‫سيطة‬
‫أو‬
‫المتحللة‬
‫والتى‬
‫تتغذى‬
‫عليها‬
‫البكت‬
‫ريا‬
‫والكائنات‬
‫وحيدة‬
‫الخلية‬
‫التى‬
‫تستطي‬
‫ع‬
‫بناء‬
‫األحماض‬
‫األمينية‬
‫والمواد‬
‫التغذوية‬
‫المخت‬
‫لفة‬
‫ثم‬
‫الكائنات‬
‫األكبر‬
‫فاألكبر‬
‫حتى‬
‫تن‬
‫تهى‬
‫بالكائنات‬
‫متعددة‬
‫مصادر‬
‫الغذاء‬
.

6. What is algae?
Most of algae are photoautotrophic organisms that contain
chlorophyll and make photosynthesize process.
Algae follow to Protista Kingdom not Planta.
They grow in water or attached to soil, rocks or other plants
and reef substrata.
Algae

7. Range in size from microscopic to large seaweed (macroalgae,
macrophytes)
Autotrophic
Some have flagella at some point in life
Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that synthesis and store
starch.
Characteristicsof algae:

8. Type of pigment composition (chlorophylls, accessory
pigment e.g. carotenoides, phycopilliprotein.
Food-storage substance
Cell wall composition
Classificationof algaeaccordingto:

9. Theuse of Algae:
Medicine
Food Biofuel
Pollutioncontrol
Beautyproducts Fertilizer

10. 1. Microalgae

11. Phytoplankton are free-floating microscopic algae that
are mostly unicellular and represent about 90-96% of
total ocean primary productivity. They have limited
vertical movement.

12. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton are responsible for much of the
oxygen present in the Earth's atmosphere.
Without phytoplankton, there would be no life in the seas and oceans.

13. Photic zone
Phytoplankton are largely limited to the photic zone; an
area from the water surface down to the point of about
2% of penetrated light.

14. • Microalgae classed into 8 classes:
1Cyanobacteria, 2Chlorophyta, 3Prochlorophyta,
4Euglenophyta, 5Pyrophyta (dinoflagellates),
6Cryptophyta (cryptomonads), 7Chrysophyta,
8Bacillariophyta (diatoms).
The two most important classes of microalgae in terms
of abundance are:
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)
Dinoflagellates.
o However, the composition differ from habit to
habit.

15. Why Are Plankton So Important?
Small fish
Mackerel
Tuna
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Media/Images/News-story-images/Sun-rays-over-the-ocean

16. •Microalgae are used in aquaculture as live feeds for all growth
stages of mollusks , the larval stages of crustaceans and some
fish species, and for Zooplankton used in Mari-culture food
chains.

17. To increase dissolved oxygen and to decrease
toxic gases like ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen
sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide.
To reduce global warming.
To lower the content of toxic compounds and
stabilize pond water quality.
Algae purify the water through:

18. Some Fish Larvae

19. Phytoplankton type Size in microns (µm)
Picoplankton 0.2 - 2.0
Nanoplankton 2.0 - 20
Microplankton 20 – 200
(Netplankton)
❖
‫بعض‬
‫أسماك‬
‫المياه‬
‫المالحه‬
‫لها‬
‫فتحة‬
‫فم‬
‫صغيرة‬
‫جدا‬
‫تقل‬
‫عن‬
100
‫ميكرون‬
‫و‬
‫ذلك‬
‫عند‬
‫بداية‬
‫التغذيه‬
‫بعد‬
‫الفقس‬
‫مباشرة‬
‫مث‬
‫ل‬
‫أسماك‬
Greasy grouper
‫وأسماك‬
Golden snapper
‫وبالتالي‬
‫هذه‬
‫األسماك‬
‫ال‬
‫يمكنها‬
‫التغذية‬
‫علي‬
‫الغذاء‬
‫الحي‬
‫الع‬
‫ادي‬
‫المتعارف‬
‫عليه‬
‫في‬
‫المفرخات‬
‫السمكية‬
‫نظرا‬
‫لكبر‬
‫أحجام‬
‫هذه‬
‫األصناف‬
‫مثل‬
‫الروتيفر‬
‫الذي‬
‫يصل‬
‫في‬
‫الحجم‬
‫أكبر‬
‫من‬
100
‫ميكرون‬
.

21. Seaweeds:
➢ The term seaweed refers to the large marine
algae that grow almost exclusively in the shallow
waters.
➢ Seaweeds are all eukaryotic and most are
multicellular but even some that are unicellular
or simple filaments.
Morphology of seaweeds:
Thallus (haploid)
Four types of algae
Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
multicellular

22. Chlorophyceae
Green algae
Phaeophyceae
Brown algae
Rhodophyceae
Red algae
Padina pavonia Griffithsia equisetifolia
Ulva lactuca
Seaweeds classed into 3 classes

25. Fish as a source of dietary protein for human
consumption essentially helps in malnutrition in
Egyptian increasing population.
The natural fisheries resources contribute about
55% of the total national fish production, while
aquaculture activities contribute about 49% of
the total production.

26. El Nino

27. ‫السردين‬ ‫هجرة‬

28. ClimateChanges
Climate changes are a result of the
various burning processes of oil, gas,
wood and coal.
It is accompanied by huge amounts of
toxic chemical compounds to the
atmosphere, the most important of
which are carbon oxides, sulfur and
nitrogen,.

29. ClimateChanges
and these gases are considered as a heavy
gases that remain in the lower range of
the Earth and prevent the spread of heat
as they absorb infrared radiation, which
leads to an increase in temperature in a
phenomenon called "global warming",
Climate change are dangerous due to
pollution of air, water and soil, and the
destroy ecosystems

31. Why is the climate changing?
Adapted
from
https://thewellesleynews.com/
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
The release of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases traps the sun's heat in
Earth's atmosphere
©FAO/Abhichon
Rattanabhayon
©Hazel
Oxenford
©FAO/Graeme
Maclean

32. Impactof Climatechangeonwater
systems
❑ *Climate change affects rainfall patterns and melting
snow and ice, and affects water resources in terms of
quantity and quality
❑ *Rainfall pattern mean several changes ranging from
drought and shortages to floods and poor water quality.
❑ *The salinization of groundwater and its movement in
the direction of the upper rivers due to the rise in sea
level will threaten the aquatic life in the inland fresh
water.
❑ * Higher temperatures will reduce dissolved oxygen
levels and increase fish metabolic rates, leading to
increased fish mortality, while increasing the spread of
diseases.

33. Implications of climatic changes on water systems
(watertemperature)
* The warming of the atmosphere
and oceans is due to the increase
in the concentration of carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
* The warming of the oceans,
especially in the tropics,
subtropics.
* An increase in the water
temperature of surface fresh water.
What are the main pressures of
climate change?
tornados
powerful
Ocean acidification
changes in ocean
currents
Severe weather

34. What are the main pressures
of climate change?
sea​​levelrise
*increase of
tornados
powerful
*Sea ​​conditions
Less
*Predictable
changes in ocean
currents
*Severe weather
*Ocean
acidification

35. Implications of climatic changes on water systems
(oxygen content)
❑Dissolved oxygen is an important component of
aquatic systems and change in its concentration has
significant effects on carbon and nitrogen.
❑CO2 concentrations increased by 40% of fuel
emissions.
❑Dissolved oxygen levels decrease with increasing
temperature in both coastal and marine areas.
❑Decreased oxygen in the water column reduces
vertical migration depths for some species (ex. tuna
and fish) and diminishes the distribution of fisheries
species.

36. Whatdoesloweroxygen
levelinwatermean?
• death of fish
• Expansion of the "dead
zones"
• slower growth
d
r
o
f
e
n
x
O
el
az
H
©FAO/Carla
Daniel
• Less living space for pelagic
fish species such as tuna
©adapted
by
CERMES

37. Implications of climatic changes on water
systems (Ice Cover)
❑ The rise in temperature led to the melting of part of the
ice in the Arctic by about one million square kilometers,
which led to a rise in sea and ocean levels, which in turn
caused the flooding of most of the islands, river deltas
and coastal areas, which include agricultural lands and
areas full of people.
❑ Melting snow and snow cover and reducing mountain
glaciers contribute to rising water levels and flows into
aquatic systems.
❑ Sea level rise is a direct result of melting ice, while
reducing mountain glaciers will have an impact on river
flow and lake levels.

38. Implications of climatic changes on water
systems (Water surface level)
❑ The sea level is rising at an average rate of 3.1
mm/year as a result of climatic and non-climatic
factors.
❑ Sea level has already risen by a global average of 0.19
meters over the period from 1901 to 2010.
❑ It is estimated that between 2000 and 2100, the
projected average sea level rise will be between 0.5-1.2
meters.
❑ The sea level is expected to rise 95% of the ocean area
level.

39. Whathappenswhen
sea​​levelrises?
• Coastal erosion
and More flooding with huge storms
• Damage to critical fish habitats
(mangroves)
• Destruction of coastal areas and
aquaculture ponds
©Shelly-Ann
Cox
©Hazel
Oxenford
©Hazel
Oxenford

40. Toxicalgalblooms
Increased frequency of warmer waters and higher food
loads mean:
Toxic algal blooms
Oysters and fish deaths
Danger to human health
©NRDC

41. Ocen
acidification
2
<1 1 >3
3
1850-1860
Corals
need this
Decade of:
1850 - 1860
2090-2100
What to expect
….lower carbonate
saturation state
Decadeof:
2090 - 2100

42. Implications of climatic changes on water
systems (Oceans)
❑ The ocean absorbed 93% of the heat and sequestered 30% of the
carbon dioxide during the period from 1901 to 2010, which will affect
the regularity of the Earth's climate.
❑ Ocean circulation redistributes heat and fresh water around the world
which affecting local climates.
❑ It is also expected that global ocean surface temperature increase will
increase thermal stratification, which may limit the depth at which
water escapes, and thus the amount of nutrients brought to the near
surface.
❑ The ocean's absorption of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide from
human activities is acidifying the water, which can have adverse
effects on aquatic life.
❑ Water acidity has increased by 26% since the industrial revolution and
this will continue It is expected that primary production in the oceans
will decline by 3% to 9% by the year 2100.

43. What does increased ocean acidity mean?
1 cm
©Hazel
Oxenford
©Hazel
Oxenford
©Hazel
Oxenford
©Hazel
Oxenford
* Fewer carbonate ions, more hydrogen ions:
* Increased difficulty of building shells
*The frame of the reef may be eroded
* Nerve damage to fish larvae
* Low density fish replacement

44. High coral death rate
Loss of integrity of coral
reefs
• Less living space for reef fish and
lobsters
. loss of coastal protection
coral death
©Hazel
Oxenford
Coral bleaching....
©Hazel
Oxenford
Includes
Coral bleaching

45. Impacts of climate change on
fisheries and aquaculture
* Changing the temperature will affect the various vital
processes in it, such as mating behavior, reproduction, egg
laying and growth, increased susceptibility to diseases,
increased exposure to toxins and heavy elements, increased
food consumption, increased organic waste
* The lack of dissolved oxygen will lead to the migration of
fish, the transmission of some diseases and pathogens, the
occurrence of genetic changes and the occurrence of
competition for food and the space available between the
different species that are naturally present in the place and the
species arriving on them.

46. Impacts of climate change on
fisheries and aquaculture
❑ It is expected that the production of fish will decrease, which
will affect the available quantity of fish meal and oils, which
are mainly included as one of the main components of fish
feed.
❑ Increasing the susceptibility of fish to diseases and the speed
of their spread, especially bacterial and viral ones.
❑ The rise in temperature increases the metabolic rate, and
thus increases the intake of toxins and heavy metals
surrounding the aquatic organism.