1. The Islamic State of Madina
Political & Military aspect
Inner Light for ALL
2. Why this topic ?
► Two aspect of Prophets life
Meccan Period
Medinan Period
►
►
Some aspects of Prophet’s life not known
Islamic state of Medina
First constitution of Islamic state
► Military/political aspect of Prophet’s personality
4. Background
► Social Structure
Tribe - based on blood relations
Social status of slaves & attached people
►Economic life based on trade,
agriculture
►Wars for worldly gains
5. Muslim life in Mecca
►Ummah & brotherhood
►Threat to established order
►Excessive persecution
Shayab Abi Talib
Hijrat to Abyssinya
►No retaliation allowed
6. Political Social status of Medina
► Pagan Tribes
Two tribes : Aus , Khazraj
Profession : Agriculture
Involved in years of warfare
►Jews
Three tribes : B.Qainuqah, B.Nazir, B.Quraiza
Profession : Trade, Agriculture, Usury
Militarily strong
7. Development of Islam in Medina
► Exposure to Islam: 5th year of Nabuwa
►First Pact of Aqaba ( 10th Nabvi)
Initial commitments to lead a pious life
►Second Pact of Aqaba (12 Nabvi)
Invitation to Prophet to migrate
Commitment to protect the Prophet
Pact of War
9. A constitution was required for the first state to regulate
its political and social life
10. Misaq e Medina
►All tribes of Medina will be single Ummah
►Central Authority of Prophet
Matters of difference referred to Prophet
No war without permission of Prophet
►Insistence on Loyalty
►Warning against treachery & oppression.
►Insistence on mutual advice & consultation
11. Misaq e Medina : Internal affairs
►Diyat & Fidya Collective responsibility of Muslims
►Joint action against treachery, rebellion & oppression.
►No Muslim will help an un-Believer against a Muslim
►No Muslim will help a treacherous element
Qisas : Death penalty for murderer
Blood money (Diyat) : money paid to the family of murdered person
Fidya : money paid to relieve a prisoner
12. Misaq e Medina : Internal Affairs
► Protection given by a Muslim will be binding on all
Muslims
► Punishment for killing a Muslim
If a person kills a Muslim, without reasonable cause, he shall be given death
punishment in return or pay blood money if relatives agree- All Muslims will jointly
act against the killer
► No one will be stopped from taking revenge for injury
► Any one who is wronged must be helped
► Yasrib will be treated as Haram
13. Pact of Medina : External Affairs
► Joint defence during attack on Yathrib
► No separate peace
► Unbelievers will not
protect life & property of Quraysh
interfere with the Muslims in such a matter
► Muslims will avenge the Blood of one
another when fighting in the path of Allah
► Quraysh & their allies will not be helped
14. Misaq e Medina: Status of Jews
►Equality & help to Jews
►Religious Freedom
►Jews will help Muslims in war
►Punishment for treachery & oppression
15. Enemies & Friends of Medina
Makkah
Khaiber
Medina Nejd Tribes
Zamra
,Juhaina
,Mazina
Ghassan
International
trade route
16. Initial Expeditions : Hijrat - Badr
► 8 Expeditions before Badr/6 diplomatic in nature
► Military impact
► Other benefits
Navigation in the desert
Observe Meccan trade caravans
Military training
Develop Leadership qualities
► Permission to fight given in Safar 2 A.H
َ
َا
َ
َ
ن
َ
َاو
َرَيَدََـقَلمهَرَصَ ـَنىلَع َ
َاوَمََلظَ مهََناََ
بنَوََلَتقََينَيَذََلَلنَذََا
)ہک ےہتزاجاکوناےہاجتیکیاڑلئی ( ہاوخمہاوخ ) ےسنوناملسمنجگاےرکددمکی
)نا ادخروا۔ےہاہروہملظپرناکیونکہ ( نیڑلیھبہو
ےہرداقپرددمکیناًیقینا (ہو
19. Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H
► Result
14 Muslim martyr
70 killed,70 POW
► Islamic state demonstrates its defensive
capability
► Immense Prestige for Muslims
► Quraysh seek revenge
► Reaction of Jews
20. Military Strategy
► Network of Spies
► Immediate preparation & attack
► Element of surprise
► Steadfastness on the field
► Inclination towards Peace
21. Campaigns : Badr - Uhud
► Ghazwa B.Sulaim
► Ghazwa B.Qainqah – Jews exiled
► Sirya Zaid B Harisa – Against trade caravan
► Ghazwa Sawiq
► Ghazwa Kadr
► Ghazwa Ghatfan
Due to sound military
tactics, enemy retreated
without battle in all these
campaigns
24. The Battles : Uhud
► Lessons learnt
Never disobey the Leader
Lack of Discipline can be fatal
►Muslim prestige diminishes
► Muslim state could not be defeated
by Quraysh alone
25. Period between Uhud & Ahzab
►
►
Muh 4 AH-Sha 5 AH
7 Military Campaigns
Sirya Qatn
Sirya Wadi Urna
Ghazwa Banu Nazir (Jews of Medina exiled)
Ghazwa Badr al Mo’id
Ghazwa Zaat Al Riqah
Ghazwa Dumat ul Jandal
Ghazwa Bani Mustaliq ( casualties)
2 Religious campaigns
Bair Maona (40 Muslim preachers murdered)
Rajih (2 Muslim preachers murdered)
27. Battle of Trench
► Confederation of tribes
► 10,000 Vs 3,000
► Trench
10 km in 6 days
22’ wide, 16’ depth
► Role of Jews
28. Battle of Trench : 5 AH
Uhud
Ayr
Quraysh, Ghatfan,
Sulaim,Ashja,Marr’a, Saad,
As’ad, B.Qainuqah,B.Nazir
B.Quraiza
10 km in 22 days
22’ wide, 16’ deep
Result : The Islamic State demonstrates
impregnable defence.
Treason
30. Ahzab – Fatah Mecca
Total 16 Campaigns(2 Ghazwa)
4 Battles
2 against individuals
1 against trade caravan
31. Hudaibiya : Zi Qad 6 AH
► Muslims stopped from Umra
► Peace pact
ۙانيبم اح تف ك ل
انح تف انا
یدفتحیلھککیاکوپآےنمہکشبے
► Meccans recognize the Islamic State
► Invitation letters to Head of States
► Islam starts to spread
32. Hudaibiya : The Victory
Makkah
Mutah
Pact of Medina Clause 20: Muslims will avenge the blood of one
another when fighting in the path of Allah
Khyber Jizya imposed
5 attacks on Nejd
Total 15 campaigns
33. Prophet’s Military Skill
► Meccans surrendered without battle
To fight and conquer in all your battles is not
supreme excellence;
supreme excellence consists in breaking the
enemy’s resistance without fighting.
Sun Tzu
34. The Last Ghazwa : Tabuk Raj 9 A.H
Medina
Makkah
Tabuk
News of Romans gathering for war
Prophet prepares 30,000 strong Muslim army
with 10,000 horse
Romans did not turn up after 20 days
Result
Year of Delegations
37. Campaigns during different Phases
2
0
12
10
8
6
4
18
16
14
Hihrah-Pre
Badr
Badr-Uhud A/Uhud-
Ahzab
A/Ahzab- A/HudaibiyaA-/Mecca-End
Hudaibiya F Mec ca
Tot
Wi
Los
Dra
38. Analysis of Campaigns : Casualties
► Prophet’s campaigns = 1200-1500
► WW I = 21 million
► WW II = 50 million
►Iraq : < 1 mil (antiwar.com)
►Afghan (due Russian invasion) : 0.6-2 mil
40. Cause of Muslim Victories
►Leadership based on talent
Zaid B Harisa commanded 12 Sirya
►Devotion to cause
►Martyrdom (shahadat)
►Iron discipline
Hazrat Umar & Abu Bakr placed under Usama bin Zaid.
►Superior Military Strategy
41. Qualities of a Winning Army Sun Tzu
► Which of the two Ruler carries moral authority over his subjects?
► Which of the two generals has most ability?
► With whom lie the advantages derived from terrain & climate?
► On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
► Which army is stronger?
► On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
► In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and
punishment?
42. Role of Muslim Women
► Uhud :
Umm e Ammara
► Tabuk :
Social boycott of Sahaba
Hazrat Abu Bakr’s example
► Yarmuk :
Muslim women avoid retreat.
► Karbela :