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Qualitative research and its types
1.
2. Research is defined as careful consideration of
study regarding a particular concern or problem
using scientific methods.
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert
Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe,
explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive
methods.”
Inductive research methods analyze an observed
event, while deductive methods verify the observed
event.
Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative
research, and deductive methods are more
commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
3. Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and
Quantitative. Both methods have distinctive properties and data
collection methods.
Qualitative methods: Qualitative research is a method that
collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended
questions.The responses collected are essentially non-numerical.
This method helps a researcher understand what participants
think and why they think in a particular way.
Quantitative methods: Quantitative methods deal with numbers
and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating
events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with
measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a
phenomenon.
4. Qualitative research is the process of collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data,
such as language. Qualitative research can be
used to understand how an individual
subjectively perceives and gives meaning to
their social reality.
Qualitative data is defined as non-numerical
data, such as text, video, photographs or audio
recordings.This type of data can be collected
using diary accounts or in-depth interviews, and
analyzed using grounded theory or thematic
analysis.
5. It is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-
depth understanding of social phenomena within
their natural setting.
It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of
social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences
of human beings as meaning-making agents in their
every day lives.
Rather than by logical and statistical procedures,
qualitative researchers use multiple systems of inquiry
for the study of human phenomena including
biography, case study, historical analysis, discourse
analysis, ethnography, grounded theory, and
phenomenology.
6. Below are the most commonly used
qualitative research types for writing a
research paper
1. Ethnography Method
2. Narrative Method
3. Phenomenological Method
4. GroundedTheory Method
5. Case Study
6. Historical Method
7. Purpose: Describe cultural characteristics
Method:
1. Identify the cultural aspects and variables by reviewing
the literature
2. Getting involved in the environment, live with the target
audience, and collect data through observing and
interacting with subjects
Analysis: Describe the main parameters of culture
Outcomes: A detailed description of the social
morals
8. Purpose: Collect data in the form of a cohesive
story
Method:
1. Review the sequence of events, and conduct interviews
to describe the largest influences that affected an
individual.
Analysis: Analyze different life situations and
opportunities
Outcomes: Present a short story with themes,
conflicts, and challenges
9. Purpose: Describe the experiences, events, or
situations from different angles
Method:
1. Sampling and data collection by conducting interviews,
observation, surveys, and reading documents
2. Describe and write the experience of the phenomena
Analysis: Classify the data and examine the
experiences beyond human awareness
Outcomes: A database is formed to describe the
findings from a subject’s viewpoint
10. Purpose:
• Used to develop theory, identify social development
and ways to deal it
• Involves the formulation and testing of data until the
theory is developed
Method:
1. Data collection methods such as interviews, observation,
literature review, and document analysis
Analysis: Theory formation and development by a
sampling of literature
Outcomes: Theory supported by relevant examples
from data
11. Purpose: Describe an experience, person, event, or
place in detail
Method:
1. Direct observation and interaction with the subject
Analysis: Analyze the experiences
Outcomes: An in-depth description of the subjects
12. Purpose: Describe and examines past events to understand
present patterns and predicting future scenarios
Method:
1. Develop your idea after reading the relevant literature
2. Develop the types of qualitative research questions
3. Identify the sources - archives, libraries, papers
4. Clarify the reliability and validity of data sources
5. Create a research outline to organize the process
6. Collect data
Analysis:
• Analyze the data by accepting or rejecting it
• Identify the conflicting evidence
Outcomes: Present the findings in the form of biography or paper
Ethnography, one of the most popular methods of qualitative research, involves the researcher embedding himself or herself into the daily life and routine of the subject or subjects. Either as an active participant or an observer, the researcher experiences their customs, traditions, mannerisms, reactions to situations etc. first hand, sometimes for years. Geographical constraints could be a hindrance for the researcher.
Example of application: This on-the-field method can help companies in assessing how consumers use certain products or services, and accordingly develop new products or revamp existing products.
In the Narrative method of qualitative research, the researcher gathers data or facts from one or two subjects through interviews, documents etc. over a period of time. Based on a theme, these are then pieced together (not necessarily in the same sequence) to derive answers and suggestions.
Example of application: A business can use this method to understand challenges faced by their target audience that can in turn be utilised for innovation and development of products.
The Phenomenology qualitative research method is used to study an event or activity as it happens, from various angles. Using interviews, videos, on-site visits etc., one can add on to existing information using perspectives and insights from the participants themselves about the activity or event. It is primarily an experience or perception based research method.
Example of application: Universities can rely on this method to understand how students make their choices about applying to universities/colleges.
Grounded theory starts with a question or collection of data. Through systematic data collection and analysis, repetitive ideas or elements are coded, and codes are grouped or categorised. New theories may be formed based on these categories.
Example of application: A product-based company can use this method to understand how their customers use their products or individual features of their product or products.
The case study method is used to gather in-depth and detailed information about a subject, which could be any entity, organisation, event or something larger like a country. The nature of this qualitative research method can be explanatory or exploratory.
Example of application: For a business, case studies are a useful tool to formulate strategies, understand influences, devise new methods etc.
The narrative model occurs over extended periods of time and compiles information as it happens. Like a story narrative, it takes subjects at a starting point and reviews situations as obstacles or opportunities occur, although the final narrative doesn't always remain in chronological order. Businesses use the narrative method to define buyer personas and use them to identify innovations that appeal to a target market.
