hope it helps lmfao

1. Introduction to
Volcanoes

2. Geomorphology
- study of the relief features
of Earth’s crust

3. Three Primary Geologic Forces
1. Diastrophism
- refers to the vertical and horizontal
movement of the crust that typically
produces the mountains

4. 2. Erosion
- physical removal of rock or
wearing down of landmasses by
geomorphic agent such as running
water, glacial ice, and wind
Weathering
- process of breaking
down rocks and other
materials which are
exposed to the surface
of Earth

5. 3. Volcanism
- sometimes called volcanicity
- the phenomenon related to the
various processes associated with the
surface discharge of magma or hot
water and steams including volcanoes,
geysers, fumaroles, and hot springs

6. Geysers
- a phenomenon on the surface
where the groundwater beneath the
shallow surface is heated up until it
explodes into boiling water and steam

7. Fumaroles
- emit mixtures of steam and other
gases such as hydrogen sulfide which
forms sulfuric acid and native sulfur
upon contact with other elements

8. Hot Springs
- occur in many geothermal areas
where the surface of Earth intersects the
water table

9. Volcano
- is an example of extrusive
volcanism
- a cone-shaped hill or mountain
formed by the extrusion of lava of
ejection of rock fragments from a vent
- derived its name from Vulcano, an
island of Sicily named after the Roman
god of fire Vulcan

10. Vent
- it is a passage or rupture through
the Earth’s crust leading to hot liquid
deposits of magma within the mantle
859
– active volcanoes
at present
75% - are located
in the Circle of Fire
(aka Ring of Fire)

11. Supernatural Beliefs
Lava plateaus
- are flat, wide surface which are
formed by the large outpourings of fluid
lava from long narrow openings in the
crust
- composed mainly of basaltic lava
which solidifies quickly after the eruption

12. Theories of Volcanism
Johannes Kepler
- explained that
volcanoes are tear
ducts for the Earth’s
tears

13. Athanasius Kircher
- central fire
connected to
numerous
channels carrying
loads of burning sulfur,
coal and bitumen
across the crust
through volcanic
eruptions

14. Plate Tectonic Theory
- the scientific
study of the origin
and arrangement
of the broad structural
features of Earth’s
surface known as the
lithosphere
Plate Tectonics
- movements of
the crust

15. Features of a Volcano
Paricutin
- an active volcano located near
the town of San Juan, Mexico
- used by geologist to study the birth
and development of a new volcano

17. 1. Cone – the most striking part of the
volcano
- composed of mixtures of lava
and pyroclastic

18. 3. Magma chamber – the large
underground pool of liquid
rock found beneath the Earth’s
crust.

19. 2. Vent – the opening through which an
eruption takes place

20. 4. Crater – a basin-like depression over a
vent at the summit of the cone

21. 5. Caldera – a volcanic depression
much larger than the original
crater

22. 6. Lava – the rock or magma expelled
from a volcano during eruption

23. 7. Dikes – the barrier or obstacles in a
volcano

24. 8. Sills – known as intrusive sheets, are
solidified lava flows that originally
forced their way between and
parallel to older layers of rocks

25. 9. Conduit – a channel or pipe
conveying liquid materials such as
magma

26. 10. Flank – the side of a volcano

27. 11. Summit – the highest point or apex
of a volcano

28. 12. Throat – the entrance of a volcano

29. 13. Ash cloud – expelled in the
atmosphere; composed of
pulverized rock and glass
created during eruption

30. 14. Volcanic bombs
- the chunks of lava blasted
into the air which solidify before
reaching the ground

31. 15. Pyroclastic flow
- fast-moving currents of hot
gases and rock traveling downhill
from a volcano

32. 16. Tephra fall
- refers to fragmented material
that consists of pumice, scoria, lithic
materials, or crystals, or combination of
the four

33. 17. Lahar
- also called mudflows
- are flowing mixture of
volcanic debris and water