Town and country planning

Town and Country Planning
Mohd. Zameeruddin
Mohd. Saleemuddin
Assistant professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded (m.s)
© mzsengineeringtechnologies
email@ zameerstd1@hotmail.com;
md_zameeruddin@mgmcen.ac.in
Lecture No. 1: Introduction

Syllabus
Theory paper- 80 Term work- No Test-20
Section A (40)
Unit 1:
Evaluation of Town Planning
Unit 2:
Fundamental of Town Planning
Unit 3:
Urban Transports
Section B (40)
Unit 4:
Town Planning and Industries
Unit 5:
Urban Renewal and Redevelopment
Unit 6:
Building Byelaws.
Recommended books:
1. Town Planning – S. C. Rangwala
2. Town and Country Planning – M. K. Gandhi
3. Town and Country Planning – Modak and Ambedkar 2

Origin of Towns
1. Social evolution
2. Collective security
3. Control over environment
4. Education
5. Business and Industries
6. Administration
7. Recreation and tourism
8. Military areas

Ancient Towns
1. Memphis
2. Thebes
3. Urs
4. Babylon
5. Persepolis
6. Mohanjo – Daro
7. Perking
8. Patliputra
9. Takshasila
10. Nalanda

Town Planning
It is the term used to indicate the arrangement of various
components or units of a town in such a way that the town as such
attains the significance of a living organism
- S. C. Rangwala
The town planning is a science as well as an art too ……
•Collecting
•Correlating
•Analysis
•Beautiful
•Convenient
•Economical
•Efficient unit

Objects of Town Planning
1. Beauty
2. Convenience
3. Environment
4. Health
Principles of Town Planning
1. Green belt – Limitation of town size
2. Housing – Accommodation to various categories of people
3. Public buildings – well balanced grouping and distribution
4. Recreation centers – Social binding
5. Road systems – Layout of its road
6. Transport facilities – Minimum loss of time
7. Zoning – Commercial zone, Industrial zone, residential zone,etc.

Necessity of Town Planning
1. Defective road system
2. Development of slums and squatter settlements
3. Haphazard location of industries
4. Traffic congestion
5. Inadequate open spaces
6. Lack of essential amenities
7. Noisy atmosphere
8. Uncontrolled development
9. Unhealthy living

Growth of Town
Town or
Cities
Origin
Natural
Concentric Spread
Ribbon
Development
Satellite Growth
Scattered growth
Planned
Direction
Horizontal
growth
Vertical
growth

Natural Growth
1. Growth of town has been taken place without any future
planning.
2. On spot decisions has been made for immediate comfort and
convenience of residents.
3. Provisions of various essential amenities such as road system,
parks, play grounds, schools, industrial units, commercial
centers, hospitals, cinemas are made in an irregular way
without any consideration for future expansion of the town
Natural Growth
Concentric
Spread
Ribbon
development
Satellite
growth
Scattered
growth

Concentric Spread
This type of development takes
place due to tendency of people
to near to town centre. Town
develops in the form of
concentric rings with nucleus as
a town.
The idea of concentric spread is
based on the fact that similar or
functionally related activities
will be located at the same
distance from centre of an urban
area.
First zone embodies the central
business district and focal point
of commercial, social and civic
life of town area.
Disadvantages:
•Improper housing
•Concentration of people
•More transportation time and charges
•Congestion of the traffic and accidents
•Inner zone extends its area by invading the
adjoining zone

Ribbon Development
Ribbon development is
building houses along the
routes of communications
radiating from a human
settlement.
Such development results long
fingers or ribbons of houses,
factories, shops, etc as shown
in image
The development involves
usage of land along the
frontage of highway or
service roads, the interior is
left undeveloped causing of
wastage of valuable land

Disadvantages of Ribbon Development
1. As a result of linear expansion of housing along the length of highway or
service roads, there is increase in cost of basic utility services like water supply,
electricity, telephone, etc resulting in wastage of available resources.
2. Future improvements becomes costlier, difficult and some times not possible.
3. The housing face heavy traffic associated with noise and polluted air.
4. Traffic congestions and traffic delays becomes common feature of town.
5. Loss of traffic capacity and efficiency due to local traffic, pedestrians, minor
and major accidents, advertisement and obstruction to view.
6. There is lack of social life.
7. Needs creation of a competent authority to enforce the various legislative
measures.
8. Removal of encroachments from the road right-of-way, etc.

Satellite Town
Expansive development of
town reaching certain size,
results in development of
near by town known as
satellite town
Term satellite is used to
indicate a body under the
influence of a more
powerful body but
possessing it own identity

Satellite Town
Features:
1. Possess its own local government and
corporate life.
2. Connected with parent city by local trains,
buses etc.
3. Own capabilities to decide economic,
social and cultural activities.
4. Located beyond the green belt of parent
city.
5. No industrial development is allowed,
only reserved for residential area having
local shops, small scale industries like
dairy, cereal mills etc.
6. The residents may be workers serving to
industry or offices of parent city
Disadvantages:
•Over stated or over-estimated
journey to work.
•Depends on efficiency of
transport systems
•Deprived of entertainment and
cultural activity

Scattered Growth
Towns shows erratic growth.
Develops in a very irregular way.
Results into traffic congestion,
encroachment of industries on
residential areas, slums, lack of
parks , wastage of funds and
valuable lands.

Planned Growth
•Town develops in a predetermined
line as conceived by town planner and
building officials.
•Enforcement of suitable rule and
regulations.
•Proper land uses is assured by strictly
following zonation.
•Assurance of public utilities such as
water supply, electricity, drainage, gas
service, telephone, etc.
•Assurance of educational facilities
like schools, library, colleges, etc.
•Assurance of recreational facilities
like, park, garden, play ground,
stadium, etc.

Growth according to direction : Horizontal
Town expands and develops horizontally in
all directions
Such growth is possible at places where
plenty land is available in nominal cost
Advantages:
1. Saving in construction cost.
2. Doest not require high technical
personnel's.
3. Maximum possible use of natural light.
4. Density of population is restricted.
5. Marginal space surrounding can be
used for gardening

Growth according to direction : Vertical
City grows vertically which is achieved by
adding more floors in existing buildings or
by constructing high rise structures
Such growth is suitable where there is high
land values
Advantages:
1. Sense of social life.
2. Cost per unit area will be in the
reasonable limit.
3. Considerable saving in land.
4. Maximum use of modern construction
techniques.
Disadvantages:
1. Density of population is more.
2. Provisions for life safety arrangements
for natural calamities.
3. Deprived of natural living near the
ground.

Stages of Town development
Town
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)
Produces mainly human
necessities e.g. Agriculture Village
Acts as centre of exchange e.g.
Marketing town
Provides residential, recreational
and educational facilities

Lewis Mumford
Necropolis: The town is in the worst stage. The
inhabitants prefer to shift to the near by villages for
various reasons such as disease, famine, war, economic
breakdown, etc. the town may recover or re-establish
after an interval of time
Tyrannopolis: the town further deteriorates and
situation such as trade depression, military power,
exploration of colonies , etc occur.
Megalopolis: It indicates first sign of decline. The
originality of town shows sign of decline
Metropolis: It indicates the town serving as capital of
state or region
Polis : It indicates an association of population with
some sort of specialization and mechanization
Eopolis : it indicates the village community having
economy based on agriculture

Town
Infantile
Juvenile
Mature
Senile
Griffith Taylor
The town is divided into separate
distinct zones.
In this shops are separated from
houses and there are few factories
In this stage, the town is distinctly
divided into residential zone and
industrial zone.
This stage indicates the physical
decay of most of the portions of the
town

Stages of Town development (Indian)
Town
Basic Village Service Town Rural town Town
Population
400 -500 souls
Primary occupation
Agriculture
Stability
Primary school, open
well, Murom roads,
mobile dispensary,
etc.
Population
2000-3000 souls
Primary occupation
Cultural, commercial
and administrative
Stability
Secondary school,
tube well, Murom
roads, mobile
dispensary,
community hall, etc.
Groups 10-15 basic
villages
Population
5000-7000 souls
Primary occupation
Small scale industries
over and above the
agricultural
employment
Stability
colleges, pipe water
supply, Macadam
roads, health center,
community hall, etc.
Groups 25-30 basic
villages
Last level of
settlement
Population
City
50,000 – 1,00,000
Great – City
1,00,000 – over
Super – City
More than 3 Lacs.
Metropolis
1 cr and above
Megalopolis
5 cr and above

Forms of planning
To maintain the continuity in the planning process, following
forms of planning are considered;
1. Local planning
2. Country planning
3. Regional planning
4. National planning
5. International planning

Local planning
Planning is based on creation of healthful living and working
environment for the majority of the inhabitants of the town with
due consideration to the physical background, economic
limitations, public administration, finance and change in
technology, etc.
The development plan for city or town aims at proper
distribution of population densities, regulation of green
belts, suitable division of the area in various zone of
the area in various zone, etc.

Country planning
1. The planning aims at controlled development of area
surrounding a town.
2. A town is surrounded by villages and rural planning becomes
necessary for the proper functioning of town.
3. For this surrounding villages should be linked up with suitable
transport facilities.
4. Encouragement should be given for the growth of small scale
industries such as dairy , poultry forming, basket and rope
making, hand looms etc.
5. Planning aims to achieve proper balance between agriculture
and industries. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

Regional planning
Regional planning helps in controlling and reshaping major
towns in the region.
Term region is used to define as an area separated not merely or
exclusively by natural boundaries but equally by political or
administrative boundaries.
Four methods of determining a region is advocated;
1. Geographic boundaries,
2. Economic considerations,
3. Administrative convenience, and
4. Metropolitan influence.

Country planning cannot be divorced from town and
regional planning, because the town and country are not
two separate entities but are complementary to each
other
Regional planning
 It avoids the wasteful duplication of facilities.
 It ensures the most profitable utilization of the resources at
minimum expense for the maximum benefit.
 Provides information regarding the economic functions.
 It grants mutual control over the areas in the region.
 It grants planned and harmonious development.
 It involves planning in terms of regional dimensions.
 It reveals new town-planning and building principles.
 It serves as a link of co-operation and co-ordination between
the areas of the region.

National planning
National planning involves careful study of the social, education,
economic, industrial and other problems facing a country and
suggests measures to be adopted to obtain realistic solution thereto.
It accounts for country’s existing and potential resources in men,
materials, power, manufacturing industry, etc and draw out a
phased programme of action for achieving the targets set in the
various spheres of activity.
whole country is considered as a single unit and an overall
picture of development is kept in view, while striving to strike a
balance between the various states
In India, the various five year plans are an example of National
Planning.

National planning
Vision:
A. Development of nation in terms of its administrative or
political system.
B. Development of various economic sectors such as agriculture,
fishing, mining, quarrying, etc.
C. Developments in terms of social sector such as clothing,
housing, food, education, health, employment, recreation, etc.
D. Development at various level i.e. international level to local
level or vice versa.

International planning
International planning came in to picture with the formation of
United Nation Organization (UNO).
It involves numerous study and surveys in the fields such as
health, education, housing, food and agriculture.
The studies helps in finding out remedies and solutions of
complicated problems at an international level.
UNESCO, WHO, LIC, GROUP 8 SUMMIT, SAARC, UNISEF

Memphis Townships
1. Euphrates River
2. Surrounding wall
3. Moats
4. Ishtar gate
5. Temple
6. Hangout gardens
Ancient planning (Pre- Mediaeval)

1. Walled city
2. Narrow roads
3. Cramped dwellings
4. Emperor palace at
centre
Peking Townships

1. Walled city
2. Narrow roads
3. Cramped dwellings
centre
ElburgTownships

Noerdlingen Townships
1. Walled city
2. Cramped
dwellings
centre
4. Irregular pattern
roads

Ancient planning (Mediaeval town)
1. Square form
2. temple
3. shops
4. Public building
grouped arround

1. Regular layout of
street
2. Perfect system of
water supply and
drainage
3. Tow mounds
4. Monastery
5. Bath
Mohenjo -Daro

1. Grid iron pattern
2. Perfect system of
water supply and
drainage
3. Lakes

Ancient planning (Renaissance town)
Vienna, Capital of Austria

First Sanitary And Public Health Act of Great Britain (1840)
This was an first attempt to control the quality of construction
from private housing.
The act controls only the construction of individual building by
laying down standards for structural stability, their fire-proof
construction, provision of sanitary appliances, water supply,
adequate ventilation, pedestrian and vehicular traffic
Disadvantages:
The act did not contain any provision in regard to the relationship of
the individual building with neighbouring buildings and amenities
such as primary and secondary schools, shopping facilities, open
spaces or other essential needs, by earmarking land for these
purpose.

The major change in present act was made with an amendment in
the act to enable local authorities to acquire and clear insanitary
dwelling and to construct new houses on the sites occupied by
them, the Act was renamed as;
Housing Act (1980)

To provide remedy to first to deal with town planning and housing
was passed in Great Britain in 1909.
Its main objective was to achieve the basic concept of town
planning viz. ensuring the use of land in the best interests of the
nation as a whole and preventing further mischief.
As some of the suburban developments of cities were sterilizing
the country's most valuable resources

Garden City
The concept of garden city was put forth by a shorthand writer in
the house of common, Ebenezer Howard in 1898.
In his book titled “ To-morrow” later published under title
“garden cities of To-morrow”.
The idea of city called by him a garden city, to reconcile country
life and town life and to grant various other advantages to
population of this city.
This concept find his way in formulation by Garden Cities and
Town planning Association, 1919

“Garden cities allowed a genuine celebration and renewal of
nature, even within an essentially urban industrial economy.”
Garden cities have been the richest source of planning over the
last century. Within the principles of garden cities many key
principles of planning practice in the 20th century can be found.
 Land use segregation
 Master planning
 Residential site planning
 Neighborhood units
 Road hierarchies
Garden City
 Shopping malls
 Industrial parks
 Regional planning
 Planned decentralization
 Greenbelts

Garden City
Definition:-
“A garden city is a town designed for healthy living and
industry; of a size that makes possible a full measure of social
life, but no larger; surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of land
being in public ownership or held in trust for the community”
Principles of garden city;
1. Co-operative holding of a land to insure that the advantage of
appreciation of land values goes to the community and not to the
private individual;
2. Economic and social advantages of the large scale planning;
3. Establishment of cities limited in size, but at the same time,
possessing a balanced agricultural and industrial economy;
4. Urban decentralization; and
5. Use of a surrounding green belt to serve as an agricultural,
recreational area and to assist the extension of limit.

Garden City
Outcome of study of Three Magnets;
1. It contains open spaces and gardens around all the dwelling
houses and also factory buildings.
2. Population which is neither too small nor too large. Howard
advocated the limit of population between 30,000 to 40,000
3. City is owned by all citizens on a co-operative basis.
Ownership extends up to green belt or agricultural zone.
4. Independent entity having its own civic life and affording all
the daily needs with adequate space for schools and other
functional purposes and pleasant parks and parkways

Garden City
5. Self sustain unit having its own industries.
6. Town area is surrounded on its periphery by a green belt i.e. a
larger area is reserved permanently for agriculture ensuring the
country’s benefits.
7. No need to have rapid transit arrangements
8. Principle of zoning is followed
9. Surplus fund is utilized for the development of the community
itself.

Garden City
Letchworth (1903)
48 km from London
Total area 1851 hectares
Green belt 1200 hectares
Houses 8500
Factories 95
Population 28000
Planned as a home of all kinds of
industries with facilities of cheap light,
power, fuel and water.
Designed to meet the requirement of
workers and labourers
Welwyn (1920)
Midway of London and Cambridge
Classification of garden Cities
1. Garden city or self-
contained industrial
community.
2. Garden suburb for
residential accommodation.
3. garden or factory village
built around a large
manufacturing concern by
its employers.

Comparison of Garden Cities and Satellite Town
Sr.
No
Feature Garden cities Satellite towns
1 Dependence Self-sufficient and self-
contained units
Dependent on the parent
city except having local
shops, primary schools,
etc
2 Gardens Around all houses and
factories
Not compulsory
3 Green belts Surrounded by green
belt
Situated outside green
belt of the parent city
4 Industries Permitted Not permitted
5 Rapid transit
arrangement
Not necessary Necessary in the form of
local train and buses
6 Roads and
communication
Arterial and streets Only one arterial road to
the parent city
7 Zoning Essential May or may not have

SURVEYS
1. THE PEOPLE, THEIR INTERESTS AND OCCUPATIONS
AND HOW THEY FOLLOW THEM; AND
2. THE LAND AND BUILDINGS AND HOW THEY SERVE
THEIR INTERESTS
Chief Subject of surveys
Maps
Charts
Schedules
models
Statistics
Collection
Tabulation
Presentation
Collected
Processed
Arranged
Integrity
Honestly
objectively

SURVEYS
Necessity
1) The surveys draws attention to the inter-relation between various
complicated activities of a town life.
2) The survey stresses the local requirements and appropriate
treatment to be given socially, conveniently and artistically
Role
1) To evaluate the effects of development;
2) To present detailed reasoned reports;
3) To provide the necessary understanding before decision for
development are made; and
4) To study the situation objectively and factually

Collection of data
1. Functional survey
2. Social survey
3. Territorial survey
4. Vital survey
Functional survey
Means of communication, condition of industries and
commerce, implementation of plan and financial aspects
Social survey
Community structure, history, architecture, health conditions,
housing and public services

Collection of data
Territorial survey
Physical features, agricultural soil, forests, climatic conditions and
type of soils
Vital survey
Actual population, future population, growth of town, density of
population, and occupation of people

Types of survey
1. Preliminary survey
2. National survey
3. Regional survey
4. Civic survey
Preliminary survey
•Electric power
•General amenities
•Highways
•Housings
•Industries
•Land use
•Railways
•Water supply and
sewerage
National survey
•Administration
•Agriculture
•Communication
facilities
•Economic
development
•Geography
•Natural resources
•Urban settlement
Civic survey
Communication
amenities
Contour
Existing land uses
and land values
Historical
background
Housing
Population
Preservation of
natural resources
Public buildings
Public health
Public services
topography
Regional
surveys

Methods adopted to collect data
1. Questionnaires
2. Interviews
3. Specialists
4. Records and reports
5. Town planner himself
Questionnaires
House to house
Local newspaper
Journal
Return by post
Interviews
Specialist
Organization
Open forum
Telephonic
Specialists
Experts of fields
Experts from Organization
Records / reports
Government offices
Police departments
Municipal offices
Revenue departments© mzsengineeringtechnologies

Drawings
1. Maps
2. Drawings
3. Charts
4. Diagrams
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Sales
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr

ZONING
Term zoning in planning Sense include two aspects;
1. Allocation of land for specific purpose, and
2. Control of use, height and construction of buildings
It is defined as the regulation by law of the use of land and (or)
buildings and of the height and density of buildings in specific
areas for the purpose of securing convenience, health, safety and
general welfare of the community.

Zoning
Applied for certain
type of general use
Reservation
Confined to the uses of specific
nature such as;
Gardens, schools, markets,
police station, playground, etc.
ZONING
Zoning regulations
Meant for the use of
character, height and
density and they prescribe
how parcel of land in a
community may be put to
use
Structural regulations
Impose restrictions on the
building materials and
workmanship in the form of
specification.

ZONING
Uses of land
Profit-making uses of land Non-profit making land
1. Offices
2. Residences
3. Industries
1. Roads
2. Parks
3. Play grounds
4. Educational buildings
5. Government offices
They work
hand to
hand

ZONING
Objects
1. The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the
future growth and development of the town.
2. The zoning affords proper co-ordination of various public
amenities.
3. Effective tool for making town planning scheme effective and
successful.

ZONING
1. Arrangement of zones
2. Boundaries
3. Existing towns
4. Flexibility
5. New towns
Principles of Zoning
1. Danger from fires
2. Future developments
3. General amenities
4. Health of community
5. Population distribution
6. Public utility services
Advantages

ZONING
Aspects of Zoning
1. Density zoning
2. Height zoning
3. Use zoning

ZONING
Density Zoning
1. The front, side and rear margins from the boundaries are
specified.
2. The maximum height of the building is specified.
3. The minimum size of allotment for each house is specified.
4. The number of houses per unit area is specified.
5. The ration of total site area to the total built-up floor area is
specified
Gross density
The average density of
population per unit area of
the whole residential zone
Net density
The average density of
population per unit of housing
area including local roads and
excluding open spaces

Density Zoning
In a broad sense, it is measure of the intensity of land use.
It is expressed as the number of persons living on an acre or
any other unit of land which indicates the concentration of people
living thereon.
Large number of people living per acre (overcrowding) is
termed as higher density, and treated as evil.
Lower densities are desirable

Types of densities
Densities are of three types;
1. Net density
2. Gross density
3. Overall density
Yet another kind of density is;
- Town density
Density Zoning

Net density
The number of people per
acre of the residential area
including small gardens
patches, open spaces between
buildings, internal roads and
plus half width of
surrounding roads up to 20
feet.
Gross density
acre over the whole defined
area which includes public
buildings, industrial
buildings, and large open
areas plus half width of
surrounding roads up to 20
feet.
Density Zoning

Overall density
acre over a large area of the
town affecting its general
economy
Town density
acre over the entire area of
town, embracing residential,
industrial, commercial,
educational, recreational,
transport and other functions.
Unusable areas occupied by
large quarry pits, river beds,
streams, lakes, airfield,
military area within town
limits is also accounted
Density Zoning

Factors governing density;
1. The desire for ample light and sunshine prevails in cold
climate.
2. The desire for shade and protection from glare prevails in hot
climate.
3. In humid tropical countries, the cool breeze is most welcome
and host, dust laden winds are to be guarded against.
4. Where heat and light from sun is enjoyable, the development
can be open and of lower density
5. Where protection from heat glare and burning winds is desired,
higher density is preferred.
Density Zoning

Set-Back
Is defined as frontage
margin or open space
in front of the abutting
street or road
The land contained
in set-back belongs
to the owner of the
property but he is
prohibited from
putting any structure
in set-back portion
A set-back is also referred to as a building line
The width of set-back varies from 1.00 m to
1.50 m for congested area and 4.50 m to 6.00
m for new undeveloped area.
Density Zoning

Following are the advantages of set-backs;
1. If necessary, part of the set-backs may be acquired for the purpose
of widening the road.
2. If set-back is uniform, the buildings are constructed in one line
parallel to axis of road, resulting in improvements of road.
3. It results in better condition of air, light and ventilation of the
buildings.
4. The set-backs at street corners improve visibility and impart
safety to traffic.
5. the space of set-backs can be used for parking places and
developing garden patches.
6. Forms isolation from street nuisance and dust.
7. Reduces danger of fire by increasing the distance between
opposite buildings
Density Zoning

HEIGHT ZONING
Light plane
Its is an check applied to the
height of one building does not
obstruct ventilation of the
property on the other side of the
road.
A light plane is marked at a
suitable angle from the edge of
road on other side and the
height of building is suitably
curtailed of to allow the light
plane to pass.
The angle of light plane is 450
or 63.500

HEIGHT ZONING
Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
The ratio of the total built-up area inclusive of walls of all the floors
to the area of the land on which the building stands is known as floor
space index (FSI) or floor area ratio (FAR)
It may different for different areas and for different
buildings of the town
The Floor Area Ratio is the total building square footage (building
area) divided by the site size square footage (site area).
plottheofArea
plotcertainaon
buildingsalloffloorsallonareacoveredTotal
RatioAreaFloor 

HEIGHT ZONING
The illustration above shows a Floor
Area Ratio (FAR) of 1.0. This simply
means that, if the area of the plot is
100 square meters, then 100 square
meters of gross floor area has been
built on the plot. The illustration above
shows a 4-story building covering 1/4
of the site, giving a FAR of 1.0. Four
floors of 25 square meters each are
built on a site of 100 square meters.
The reference design for carefree cities
is based on a FAR of 1.5. Here are
some ways to get to a
FAR of 1.5 © mzsengineeringtechnologies

Example :
Calculate no of story if FAR is 150% ground coverage is 25%
HEIGHT ZONING
plottheofArea
100xNplot xcertainaon
buildingsalloffloorsallonareacoveredTotal
RatioAreaFloor 
150 = N x 25 X 100 / 100
N = 150 / 25
N = 6 Stories

HEIGHT ZONING
The zones are usually classified into following four categories;
1. Residential zone ………………40% to 50%
2. Commercial zone ……………..2% to 5%
3. Industrial zone………………… 2% to 25%
4. Recreational zone …………….. remaining
Advantages:
Best use of land for which it is reserved.
Stabilization of land values.
Unnecessary intrusion of factories and industries in residential
area is avoided.

Housing
A house is defined by the
National Building
Organization (NBO) as a
Pucca or Semi-pucca unit of
dwelling that can
accommodate an average
household.

Kuctha
Pucca
Housing Semi-Pucca
A house in a general
sense represents the
smallest unit from
where the town
planning scheme
emerges
The success or failure
of all the town planning
scheme rest on effective
provision of housing for
the population to be
served by the town
planning schemes

Demand for House
1. Immobility
2. Initial investment
3. Other problems
Requirements of residential buildings
1. Height
2. Location
3. Orientation
4. Parks
5. Privacy
6. Security
7. Space
8. Utility services
9. Ventilation
Housing
constraints

Housing
Ideal building site
1. Cost of land
2. Distance from place of work
3. Nature of use of adjacent areas
4. Availability of public amenities
5. Location in respect to schools, public building and parks and play
grounds
6. Transport facilities
7. Contour of land in relation to the building costs
8. Agriculture potentiality of the land
9. Ease of drainage

Housing
Classification of residential buildings;
1. Detached houses
2. Semi-detached houses
3. Row of houses
4. Apartments or Flats
5. Skyscrapers
Detached houses

Housing
Detached houses
It reflects high profile
form of residence and
adopted where land prices
are comparatively low.
The requirement of
individual family to be
accommodated is provided.
Sufficient margins are left
on sides, front and rear.
It may also include
amenities such as private
garden, swimming pool, etc.

Semi-detached houses
A common boundary wall in the form of structural barrier divides an
independent plot into two units.
sharing expenses of common amenities such as water lines,
drainage lines, electric cables, etc.
Housing

Row houses
These represents
accommodation for lower
income group such as
labuorers and workers.
Provides minimum
requirements such as living
room and kitchen (RK)
Housing

Apartments or flats
An apartment consists of three to seven
storey's and each floor or storey may
accommodate two or four tenements.
There is considerable rise
in the price of city land
Housing

Skyscrapers
The growing need of
land and consequently
sudden shooting rise in
price of land in big
cities further led to the
conception of multi-
storeyed buildings or
they are popularly
known as skyscrapers
Housing

Housing
Design of residential areas
1. Aesthetics
2. Basic materials
3. Housing unit
4. Layout
5. Size and shape
6. Street system

Housing
Agencies for housing
1. Government
2. Co-operative housing societies
3. Individuals

Housing
Government agencies
•State government
•Central government
•Postal department
•Income tax department
•Railways
•Local authorities
Rent Restriction Act
Standard Rent Act
Land Ceiling and Regulation Act

Housing
Co-operative housing societies
Bombay was the first to take initiative of
co-operative housing society, known as
Saraswat Co-operative housing society
(1915)
A group of house-seeking
persons combine and
form a legal body, known
as housing society
Acquisition of land at reasonable price; and
Financial help in the form of loans to be paid in
installments at low rates of interest,

Housing
Individuals
The houses and flats are constructed by
the individual with his own investment.
Big employers can provide housing
accommodation to their employees and
workers

Rural Housing
According to the census of
India, 1971 a settlement is
defined as an urban
settlement only if the
following conditions are
satisfied;
1. The estimated
population of 1971 is at
least 5000 persons;
2. The density of
population per km2 is
below 400;
3. 75% of the male
working population is
non-agriculture pursuits;
and
4. Any other place where urban
characteristics were found which
may be defined by the Director of
Census Operation

Rural Housing
Important aspects of the rural housing;
1. Accommodation
2. Drainage
3. Drinking water
4. Housing activity
5. Institutional activity
6. Other amenities

Rural Housing
Typical Rural House
1. Court yard
2. Rooms
3. verandah

Rural Housing
1. Economic development
2. Improvement
3. Self-help
Gujarat Rural Housing Finance
Corporation Limited (GRUH)
Housing Development Finance
Corporation (HDFC)
Aga Khan Fund for Economic
Development (AKFED)

Slums
Substandard Housing Conditions
Slum Areas Improvement and
Clearance Act, 1956
Reason of dilapidation
Over crowding
Faulty arrangement of design
Lack of ventilation
Light or sanitary facilities or any
combination
Detrimental to
safety, health and
morals © mzsengineeringtechnologies

Slums
Ahatas in Uttar Pradesh
Bustees in Bengal
Cherries in Madras
Chawls or Jhopadis
in Mumbai

Causes of Slums
1. Decentralization
2. Economic conditions
3. Education
4. Improper used of land
5. Industrialization
6. Lack of zoning
7. Migrants
8. Powers of local authority
9. Repair and maintenance
Education
Economic conditions

Characteristics of Slums
1. Appearance
2. Fire hazards
3. Health and sanitation
4. Income criteria
5. Morals
6. Overcrowding
7. Population
8. Social isolation
9. Way of life

Effects of slums
1. Absence of amenities
2. Health
3. Surrounding locality
4. Undesirable spots
5. Working conditions
Slum Clearance
1. Complete removal method
2. Improvement method
Prevention of slum formation
1. Cheap housing
2. Compulsion to employers
3. Construction of buildings
4. Maintenance and repairs
5. Rent restrictions
6. Social education
7. Unauthorized construction

UNIT III
Traffic Engineering ---
Traffic study, improvement
of traffic facilities, road
intersections and its optimum
use, congestion and parking
traffic control device, refuge
islands, raped transit systems

Traffic Engineering
It is the branch of engineering which
deals with the improvements of traffic
performance of road networks and
terminals.
The study includes regulations for traffic,
characteristics, controlling and guiding
measures for traffic, flow of traffic at
junctions, parking areas, traffic survey,
engineering elements of road system
effecting traffic operation, improvements
of traffic facilities in existing towns and
cities etc.
Ensure safe and free use of the road

Objectives of traffic engineering
1. To achieve ease and smooth flow of traffic
2. To have safe, convenient, rapid and economic transport of
men and goods
3. To improve capacity and speed of vehicle
4. To reduce delays in road journeys
5. To reduce road accidents
6. To reduce traffic congestion
7. To provide sufficient parking area for vehicles

Traffic characteristics
Road user
Physical
Mental
Psychological
(PIEV)
Environmental
Vehicular
Vehicle
dimensions
Weight of loaded vehicle
Power of vehicle
Speed of vehicle
Braking
characteristics

Traffic Studies
Aims of traffic studies are as follows;
1. To determine the facilities provided on road and to suggest
the measures to improve the traffic bearing capacity of the
road.
2. To analyze the road accidents and to find out road elements
contributing to their occurrence.
3. To get data for suitable geometric design of various
components of road.
4. To obtain the knowledge of the nature of traffic at present
and to forecast its future trend.
5. To provide suitable parking facilities.
6. To suggest controlling measures for speed etc.

Traffic Studies are also called as Traffic Surveys
1. Origin and destination survey
2. Parking survey
3. Spot speed study
4. Speed and delay survey
5. Traffic volume survey
6. Accident survey

Origin‐destination (O‐D) surveys
provide a detailed picture of the trip
patterns and travel choices of a city’s
or region’s residents. These surveys
collect valuable data related to
households, individuals and trips.
Origin and destination survey

This information allows stakeholders to understand;
1. travel patterns and characteristics;
2. Measure trends;
3. Provide input to travel demand model development,
forecasting, and planning for area‐wide transportation
infrastructure needs and services; and,
4. Monitor progress in implementing transportation policies.

Methods adopted for collection of data are;
1. House interview method;
2. License plate method;
3. Postal questionnaire method;
4. Route interview method; and,
5. Tag-on-car method.

Presentation of Origin and destination data
1. Origin and destination tables are
prepared
2. Desire lines are plotted by
connecting the origin points with
destinations
3. The relative magnitude of the
generated traffic and geometric
relationship of the zones is
represented by pie charts
4. Contour lines are plotted to define
area needed by traffic © mzsengineeringtechnologies

Parking Surveys
Parking is one of the major
problems that is created by the
increasing road traffic.
The availability of less space in
urban areas has increased the
demand for parking space
especially in areas like Central
business district.
This affects the mode choice
also. This has a great
economical impact.

Parking Surveys
Parking accumulation
It is defined as the number of vehicles parked at a given instant of
time. Normally this is expressed by accumulation curve.
Accumulation curve is the graph obtained by plotting the number of
bays occupied with respect to time.
Parking volume is the total number of vehicles parked at a given
duration of time. This does not account for repetition of vehicles.
Parking volume
Parking load
Parking load gives the area under the accumulation curve. It can also
be obtained by simply multiplying the number of vehicles occupying
the parking area at each time interval with the time interval. It is
expressed as vehicle hours

Parking Surveys
Average parking duration
It is the ratio of total vehicle hours to the number of vehicles parked.
Parking turnover
It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in a duration to the
number of parking bays available. This can be expressed as number
of vehicles per bay per time duration.
Parking index
Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. It is defined as
the ratio of number of bays occupied in a time duration to the total
space available. It gives an aggregate measure of how effectively the
parking space is utilized.
100
acityParkingCap
dParkingLoa
exParkingInd

Methods of Parking
On Street Parking
Parallel Parking
300 Parking
450 Parking
600 Parking
900 Parking © mzsengineeringtechnologies

Methods of Parking
Off Street Parking

Speed is an important transportation
consideration because it relates to
safety, time, comfort, convenience,
and economics.
Spot speed studies are used to
determine the speed distribution of a
traffic stream at a specific location

The data gathered in spot speed studies are used to determine
vehicle speed percentiles, which are useful in making many speed-
related decisions. Spot speed data have a number of safety
applications, including the following
Spot Speed Survey
1. Determining existing traffic operations and evaluation of
traffic control devices.
2. Establishing roadway design elements. Assessing roadway
safety questions.
3. Monitoring traffic speed trends by systematic ongoing speed
studies.
4. Measuring effectiveness of traffic control devices or traffic
programs, including signs and
5. Markings, traffic operational changes, and speed enforcement
programs

Spot speed data are gathered using one of three methods:
(1) Stopwatch method,
(2) Radar meter method, or
(3) Pneumatic road tube method.
Spot Speed Survey
The stopwatch method can be used to successfully complete a spot
speed study using a small sample size taken over a relatively short
period of time. The stopwatch method is a quick and inexpensive
method for collecting speed data.

RADAR METER METHOD
A radar meter is a commonly used
device for directly measuring speeds
in spot speed studies. This device
may be hand-held, mounted in a
vehicle, or mounted on a tripod. The
effective measuring distance for
radar meters ranges from 200 feet up
to 2 miles. A radar meter requires
line-of-sight to accurately measure
speed and is easily operated by one
person. If traffic is heavy or the
sampling strategy is complex, two
radar units may be needed.
Spot Speed Survey

PNEUMATIC ROAD TUBE METHOD
The pneumatic road tube method is
normally used for longer data collection
time periods than those of either the
stopwatch or radar meter method. Using
this method, pneumatic tubes are placed in
the travel lanes and are connected to
recorders located at the side of the Road .
The automatic recorders are capable of
storing large amounts of individual
vehicle data or even larger amounts of
vehicle classification data. The collected
data are downloaded from the recorder to
a laptop computer or portable floppy disk
drive in the field, or via telephone modem
to a centrally located computer
Spot Speed Survey

Speed and Delay Survey
The speed and delay survey gives
the running speeds, overall speeds,
fluctuation in speeds and delay
between two stations of a road spaced
apart.
Information such as the amount,
location, duration frequency and
causes of the delay in traffic stream.
The delay or time lost by traffic
during the travel period can be
attributed to the following two
reasons;
1. Fixed delays
2. Operation delays

Traffic Volume Survey
The survey is carried out in urban areas
for mechanical and other vehicles and
pedestrian either independently or
combined
Objectives:
1. To know the number and weight of
heavily loaded vehicle.
2. To know the number of vehicles
going in up or down direction on
straight roads
3. To know the number of vehicles
going straight, turning left, and
turning right and road intersections
4. To know the types of vehicles using
the road.
Automatic recorders
Manual Counting Methods

Traffic Volume Survey
All of sudden and without any
intention, events known as accidents,
occur in the traffic stream which may
result in minor or major injuries, details
or damage to properties etc.
The investigations to be carried out during
an accident survey includes;
1. Details of vehicle such as registration
number, type of vehicle, loading details
etc.
2. Estimate of cost of accident.
3. General data such as time, date, place,
persons involved etc.
4. Primary causes of accident.
5. Road and traffic conditions at site of
accident.

Traffic Congestion
Traffic congestion is a
condition on road networks that
occurs as use increases, and is
characterized by slower speeds,
longer trip times, and increased
vehicular queuing. The most
common example is the
physical use of roads by
vehicles.

Reasons for Traffic Congestion
1. The factors such as faulty intersections, narrowness of roads,
steep curves and gradient, poor conditions of vehicle using the
road etc.
2. Haphazard parking of vehicles and physical encroachments on
the road are not handled severely.
3. Absence of civic sense and strict enforcement of traffic rules
and regulation are not carried out.
4. Unplanned use of roads.

Responsible for Traffic Congestion
1. General Public – Passive Element
2. Road users – Vehicular traffic and trips
3. Transport personnel – expert knowledge on the subject

Disadvantages of Traffic Congestion
1. Makes the surrounded area polluted with undesirable gases,
vapours and odours.
2. Chances of road accident increased.
3. The driving through traffic congested are becomes tedious
4. More wear and tear of vehicle resulting in economic loss.
5. Wastage of fuel.

To avoid Traffic Congestion
1. Providing bus-stops of public vehicles at suitable places along
the road.
2. Adopting means to segregate the traffic of various categories.
3. Controlling the movements of vehicles by making one way
streets.
4. Prohibiting parking on both sides of road.
5. Restricting loading and unloading of goods.
6. Restricting pedestrians to cross major streets.

Traffic Control
1. Constructive measures – junctions, number of traffic lanes,
layout of curves, etc.
2. Restrictive measure – signs, signals, and markings. Imposing
heavy penalties

Traffic Capacity and Density
Traffic Volume:
It is the number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a
given lane and roadway that pass a given point or cross-section
during specified unit of time. Expressed as vehicle per hour, etc
Traffic Density:
It is the number of vehicles occupying a unit length of lane of
roadway at a given instant. Expressed as vehicle per kilometers.
Traffic Capacity:
It is the ability of a roadway to accommodate traffic volume.
Expressed as the maximum number of vehicle in a lane or road
that can pass a given point in unit time.

Traffic Capacity and Density
Practical Capacity
It is the maximum number of vehicle that can pass a given point on
a lane or roadway during one hour, without traffic density being so
great as to cause unreasonable delay, hazard or restriction to the
drivers freedom to manoeurve under the prevailing roadway and
traffic conditions.
Determination of theoretical maximum capacity
S
V
C
1000

C = Capacity of a single lane vehicle per hour
V= Speed, kmph
S = Average centre to centre spacing of vehicles, when they follow
one behind the other as the queue or space headway, m

Passenger Car Unit (PCU)
PCU
Different
Classes of
Vehicles
Cars, Vans,
Buses, Trucks,
Auto-rickshaws,
motor cycles,
bullock carts etc
Different
Vehicle
Characteristics
Length, width,
speed,
acceleration, etc
Expressed as PCU/Lane/hour- Capacity, PUC/KM lane - Density

Road Junctions or Intersection
The term Junction or Intersection is used to indicate the location
where two or more roads meet or cross one another at the same or
different elevation.
The factors to be considered
while making selection for a
particular type of road junction
are;
1. Availability of means of
traffic control.
2. Degree of traffic congestion.
3. Funds available.
4. Number of intersecting
streets or roads.
5. Volume and nature of traffic.

Factors considered in design and operation
1. Angle of crossing
2. Camber
3. Channelizing
4. Entry speeds
5. Gradient
6. Importance of roads
7. Kerbs
8. Pedestrian traffic
9. Simplicity
10. visibility
Types of Intersections
1. At –grade intersections
- All paved or unchannelized intersections
- Channelized intersections
- Roundabout or rotaries
2. Grade separated intersections
- Direct ramp
- Semi-direct ramp
- Indirect ramp

At-grade Intersections
It indicates the road junction at
same elevation.
The traffic movements like
merging, diverging crossing,
and weaving are carried out at
the same level
Unchannelized Intersections
The unchannelized intersection
are paved for the whole area
and there is no restriction to
vehicles to use any part of the
intersection area.

Channelized Intersections
To handle large volume of traffic and to channelize the turning
traffic introduction of traffic island is done.
The space at a road junction over which traffic is allowed to move
is known as traffic island
Channelized intersections for four streets

Channelized Intersections
Channelized intersections for four streets

Roundabouts or rotaries
A Roundabout or rotary is a specialized form of at-grade
intersection and it consists of a central island surrounded by the
roads forming the junction
Unidirectional circular
movement at the intersection
1. Elliptical
2. Tangent type
3. Turbine top

Elliptical Roundabouts or rotaries

Tangent Type Roundabouts or rotaries

Turbine Type Roundabouts or rotaries
Design of rotary
1. Design speed
2. Radius at entry
3. Radius at exit
4. Radius of the central
island
5. Weaving length
6. Width of carriage
way at entry and exit
7. Entry and exit
angles
8. External curb line

Grade Separated Intersection
A grade Separated intersection is the arrangement of taking one road
over and under by means of bridge. It is also known as a flyover
junction.
The direct
interchange ramp
involves
diverging to right
side and merging
from right side
The Semi-direct
interchange ramp
involves
diverging to left
side and merging
from right side
The indirect
interchange ramp
involves
diverging to left
side and merging
from left side

Clover Leaf Interchange
It avoids all the right hand movements which are the major source of
accidents.

Diamond Interchange
The diamond interchange
has a wider range of
applicability than any other
type of interchange.
Used for minor roads
carrying low volume of
traffic.
It may be used to
accommodate intermediate
traffic volumes

Rotatory Interchange
The rotary in such case
functions like the collector
and distributor of traffic as
shown in arrows.

Three-way interchange or T-intersection or Trumpet
The three way intersection is
utilized where there are only
three approaches to the
interchange.
With single bridge

Three-way interchange or T-intersection or Trumpet
Delta or Y-intersection
with three bridges
Limitation of grade
separated Intersections
-Costly to construct
- Requires considerable land
area

Traffic Control Devices
In order to control, regulate, and guide traffic it is necessary to have
suitable traffic aids or devices known as traffic control devices
Following are the basic requirements for use of traffic control
device;
1. It must convey clear and simple meaning.
2. It must command attention.
3. It must command respect of road users.
4. It must give adequate time for response.
5. It must justify necessity.
Road markings
Road signs
Traffic signals
Speed brakers

Road Markings Certain links, patterns, words, symbols or
reflectors on the pavement, kerbs, side of island

Road Signs
As per provisions of the Indian Motor Vehicle Act and IRC Code, the
road signs can be classified in following three categories
1. Guide or informatory signs
2. Regulatory or mandatory signs
3. Warning or cautionary signs
Guide or
informatory
signs

Road Signs
Regulatory
or mandatory
signs
Warning or
cautionary
signs

Speed Breakers
-A speed breaker is a hump surface across the roadways.
-It has a rounded shape with width greater than the base of most of
the vehicles where there is decreased variation in sensory stimuli
and at location speed control are desired

Industrial surveys
Factors such as;
Cheap and adequate supply of water, power, raw materials and
good communications,
Combined with supply of labour supply, act as powerful
determinants for location of various industries in the town.
Industries fall in three
categories
1. Heavy industries
2. Light industries, and
3. Service industries

Classification of Industries
According to nature of dependence on circumstances;
1. Fixed industries
2. Linked industries
3. Foot-loose industries
According to nature of industry;
1. Manufacturing industries – heavy, intermediate, light and minor
2. Miscellaneous industries
3. Special industries – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Town Planning in Relation to Industry
Planning for industry is an integral part of town planning, because it
involves consideration of many factors such as location of industrial
zone, railways sidings, layout, sitting and establishment of factories,
skilled labours, transport facilities for movements of raw materials
and finished product, plentiful supply of water, cheap power, etc.
Majority of industries are dynamic character
Technological
advances
Changes in land
use pattern

Town Planning in Relation to Industry
Industries Major Industries Auxiliary Industries
1. Imparts diversified character to the industrial development of
town,
2. Employment opportunities to workmen of different trades
3. Social and housing needs
Thus its needed
industrialist and the
planner must pay due
attention to this fact
while working out
the schemes

Location Industry
Identically industry should
be located near the source
of raw materials and
market for its finished
products; but this is only
partly true.
Facts;
1. Steel rolling mills are
often to be found in
towns far removed
from iron and steel
producing centers.
2. Many cotton spinning
and weaving mills are
located in the regions
they do not produce
cotton at all.
The deciding factors for such
seemingly unsuitable location are
represented in figure

Conurbations and Industry
In general heavy industries are established
near the source of raw materials and
occasionally have towns of their own.
For example: Jamshedpur, Bhilai and
Rourkela.
In contrast other industries prefer to remain
in or near existing towns where suitable
sites, power, water and good
communications are available.
This creates conurbation which have to be
kept within a reasonable size to prevent
heavy concentration of industry and
employment in one place at the expense of
employment in other places

Myths
Big conurbation were not considered desirable on the strategic
ground, because large concentration of industry and population were
vulnerable to enemy air attacks in the event of wars
But this argument is no longer
valid in view of development
of the hydrogen bomb and
guided missile employing
atomic warheads

Disadvantages
1. They are rarely planned entities
2. People are forced to live in insanitary high density
developments without any open spaces.
3. Congestion cause by heavy traffic .
4. Depends on administrative efficiency of local authority.
Consideration in respect of government owned industries
Government of Maharashtra – Regional planning boards Bombay
and Poona
Problems of industry in a existing town

Sitting of an Industry
The sitting of a particular industry should be carefully decided by
taking into account the various requirements of that industry.
1. Where zoning is adopted, the industrial zone in the town plan
should be located at suitable places.
2. The sitting of industries in residential localities is not desirable.
But at the same time, no rigid rule should be framed .
3. If the process of manufacture involves noises, dour, or smoke,
the site should be far removed from the residential areas.
4. It should preferably be on that side of town where prevailing
wind blows away from the main town or city.
5. It should be well connected by road or railway with the homes of
workers

Measures to control location of industries
1. By developing industrial townships
(economic, social and political needs)
2. By granting concessions, (nominal lease rent, attractive loan terms,
nominal local taxes, etc), and
3. By imposing restrictions
Industrialist profit Public Interest

The problem of noise, air pollution and sitting of industries

Services and Transport facilities

Town Forms, Physical Planning and Layouts
Various factors which influence town plan are;
Situation of the site
Nature of terrain
Period of development
Economic structure
Nature of industries
Trade practiced
Various form of town are;
1. Circular towns
2. Star shaped towns
3. Superblock towns (Grid iron pattern)
4. Linear towns

Circular towns
Towns with geographical possibility of
spreading in all directions on a
relatively level site have usually
tended to grow in a roughly circular
form with inner and outer ring roads,
linked together by radiating roads
emanating from center.
Features:
1. Residential area is located
around the core, between the ring
and radial roads.
2. Core itself acts as business area.
3. Early industries are usually
mixed with residential area
4. Towns represent peripheral
growth.
Drawbacks:
1. The expansion goes
unchecked.
2. Longer distance to work
place.
3. Traffic congestion.
4. Absence of open spaces.

Star-Shaped Towns
As a remedy towards the
concept of the circular town
plan with the surrounding green
belt star shaped plan emerged
out.
Star shaped plan having green
wedges of agriculture fields,
fruit orchids, forest and parks,
radiating from the centre of
town.
At the outer edges, the green
wedges merge into countryside
serving as green belt.

Superblock Towns (Grid-Iron Pattern)
Based on principle of
superblock, which consists of
number of blocks, or sectors.
Each block or sector tracts of
land, approximately three-forth
of a mile long and half a mile.
Each block or sector
accommodate populations
ranging from 15000 to 25000
souls.
There are usually three to
four neighbourhood units in
each blocks.
Example: Chandigarh

Linear Towns
These type of town form
results from geographical
features .
These type of development is
not convenient to live.
It requires proper balance of
amenities to achieve good living
style.
It requires construction of
additional sub-centers in
different locations.

Re-planning exiting towns
Two important factors contributing to population
increase are;
1. Natural growth
2. Tendency of villagers ( Migration for various
reasons, such as education, employment,
glamour, etc)
Results in over crowding and serious problems such as;
Residential areas well planned and spacious get
converted into slums.
Parks and playgrounds becomes inadequate.
Industries have invaded into residential area.
Communication system has been completely failed.
The road system has become obsolete.
Recreation and amusement centers are haphazardly
located.

Objectives of Re-planning exiting towns
1. To add further to the civic aesthetic of the town.
2. To attempt for an orderly, appropriate and balanced agreement of
the land use.
3. To correct the post error as far as possible.
4. To develop healthy, attractive and efficient environment with the
finance available.
5. To suggest short-term and long-term measures for the future
growth of town

Data to be collected
1. Condition of social and community life.
2. Economic basis of town
3. Existing density of population in various parts of town
4. Existing land use and land values
5. History and causes of growth
6. Housing conditions
7. Existing parks and playgrounds
8. Physical features of town
9. Public utility services

Urban renewal projects
Pulling down of detoriated structures, carrying out extensive
renovation of building to be retained, redesigning of road system,
changing the pattern of land use.
Conservation
Cooperation
Development plan
Finance
Legislation
Period of project
Redevelopment
rehabilitation

1. What is town planning? Explain its purpose and scope.
2. Write down the significance of the subject town planning.
3. What is the role of a civil engineer and a town planner in a city?

The European-American city of
Memphis was founded on May 22,
1819. They named it after
the ancient capital of Egypton
the Nile River. Memphis
developed as a transportation center
in the 19th century because of its
flood-free location high above
the Mississippi River. Located in
the low-lying delta region along the
river, its outlying areas were
developed as cotton plantations,
and the city became a major cotton
market and brokerage center.
Memphis

•What are the objects of town planning?
•Discuss the growth of towns according to origin?
•Discuss the stages in town development as suggested by;
1. Sir Patrick Geddes
2. Lewis Mumford
3. Griffith Taylor

Town and country planning

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