Readings in Philippine History Chapter 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of selected primary sources in Philippine History

Chapter 2:
Content and Contextual
Analysis of selected
Primary Sources

Chapter 2: Content and Contextual
Analysis of selected Primary Sources
• “First Voyage Around the World” by Antonio
Pigafetta
• “Customs of the Tagalogs” by Fray Juan de
Plasencia
• “Kartilya ng Katipunan” by Emilio Jacinto
• “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” by Emilio
Aguinaldo
• “Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia
del Pueblo Filipino” by Ambrosio Bautista

• “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of
the American Era” by Alfred McCoy and
Alfredo Roces
• “Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood”
by Commission on Independence
• “President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before
the U.S. Congress (September 18, 1986)”
• “Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Film)”
• “Works of Luna and Amorsolo (paintings)”

1. Content Analysis
• Identification of the historical importance of
the text
Title of
Primary
Source
Background/
Biography of
Author/s
Reason/s of
writing this
Primary
Source
Highlights of
its Content

2. Contextual Analysis
• Examination of author’s main argument or
point of view
Title of
Primary
Source
Main
Argument
Bias Importance in
Understanding
Philippine
History

“First Voyage Around the
World”
(“Primer Viaje en Torno del Globo”)

Historical background
• Written by Antonio Pigafetta
in one of the five ships that
first circumnavigate the world
• It covers the time when
Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet
“Armada de Molucca” started
the voyage (1519) until it was
successfully went back to Spain

• The copies of this account was presented by
Pigafetta to Pope Clement VII, King Francis
I’s mother, etc.
• His original diary was lost and
not known in what language
it was written
• Survived in 4 manuscript
versions; 1 Italian
(Carlo Amoretti) and
3 French

MARCH 17, 1521 (originally March 16)
• Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly in
the island of “Humunu” (Homonhon)
• Magellan called it “Acquada da li buoni
Segnialli” (Watering place of God Signs)
• The district was called “Las Islas de San
Lazaro” (Islands of Saint Lazarus)

• Magellan and his men landed in Humunu
and saw by native boatmen from Suluan
Island who gave them foods.
• Transaction made through Magellan’s slave
interpreter, “Enrique” (of Malacca)
• The boatmen return to Magellan’s location
and gave two boats of foods
Magellan at Malacca
(1505)
Magellan went back to
Portugal with Enrique (1511)

MARCH 30 (originally March 29)
“Umangkla ang barko namin sa isla ng Mazaua, malapit
sa bahay ng Rajah nito (Rajah Siagu) at umakyat ng
barko ang Rajah at sila Magellan kung saan sila’y
nagpalitan ng regalo.
Nag-almusal at ipinasyal ni Magellan ang Rajah sa
paligid ng kanyang barko at ipinakita ang kanyang mga
armas. Gayundin ako at isang kasama ay sumama sa
Rajah at sa Balanghai, kami ay pinakain ng baboy,
pinainom ng alak at pinakita ng hari ang kanilang
palasyo at nagpakain pa.”
MARCH 31 (originally March 30)
“Bumalik kami sa aming mga barko kasama ang
kapatid ng Rajah ng Mazaua, ang Rajah ng Butuan-
Calagan na si Colambu, ang pinakamaayos na lalaking
nakita namin.”

APRIL 1, 1521 (originally March 31)
• First mass in the Philippines was happened
in “Mazaua”
• Attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu,
Rajah Siagu (Siaui) and local islanders

APRIL 8, 1521
• Magellan went to Zubu (Cebu) and met
Rajah Humabon
• The rajah wanted Magellan and his men to
pay tribute to them but told his translator
Enrique that they are working for King of
Spain and threatened him a war

APRIL 15, 1521 (original April 14)
• Held a mass on Humabon’s place where
attended by 800 local members
• Magellan gave Hara Humamay an image of
Sto. Niño
• Humabon became “Carlos” and Humamay
became “Juana”

APRIL 27, 1521 (originally April 26)
• Rajah Zula told Magellan that Matan’s
(Mactan) chieftain Cilapulapu (Lapulapu)
refused to obey the King of Spain
• Zula requested Magellan to send him only
one boatload of men to fight Cilapulapu but
Magellan

APRIL 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
• 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with
corselets and helmets and 20-30 Balanhais
loaded by Rajah Humabon’s men went to
Matan to attack Cilapulapu
• The local islanders had lances of bamboo
and stakes hardened with fire
• “Battle of Mactan”
happened

“Organisado ang paglusob ng mga tiga-Mactan habang
nagsisigawan. Isang grupo kada tagiliran ng mga Espanyol at
isa sa harap na tila tatsulok. Nang magpaputok ng mga kanyon
at riple ang mga Espanyol, nakahanda na ang mga kalasag ng
mga ito. Gayundin, kanya-kanyang tago ang mga mandirigma
upang makaiwas, malinaw na malinaw na sila’y handa sa
atake. Hindi nakayanan ng mga Europeo ang mga pana, sibat,
putik at bato na dumapo sa kanila.
At matapos nito’y iniutos ni Magellan na magsunog ng mga
bahay ng mga taga-Mactan na siyang lalong ikinagalit ng mga
ito. At natutunan ng mga mandirigmang taga-Mactan na
puntiryahin sa paa ang mga kalabang nakabaluti.
Tinamaan si Magellan ng panang may lason sa kanang binti,
pero sinabi nitong bumalik na sa mga barko. Sa katapusan ng
laban si Magellan ay tinamaan ng sibat sa mukha ngunit
nakalaban pa, nasugatan pa braso at nakampilan pa sa
kaliwang binti. Sa kanyang pagbagsak, pinagtulungan na siya
ng mga tiga-Mactan. At nang makita ng mga kasama na patay
na si Magellan, sila’y nagsiatrasan, dala-dala ang iba pang mga
sugatan.”

Other contents of Pigafetta’s manuscript:
• Lifestyle of early Filipinos in Visayas
• First vocabulary of Visayan words ever
penned by a European
• Description of early Visayan music
• Evidence that the world is round
• Re-discovery of Pacific Ocean

“Redencion presupone
virtud, virtud sacrificio,
sacrificio amor!”
(Redemption presupposes virtue; virtue sacrifice,
sacrifice, love!)
-Padre Florentino (El Filibusterismo, 1891)

Thank you!
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA
Bachelor of Arts in History
yosefhipolito19@gmail.com

“Customs of the
Tagalogs”
(Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
Tagalos)

• Written by Fray Juan de Plasencia in 1589
• Currently kept in Archivo General de Indias
in Seville, Spain.
• Its English version appeared on Volume VII
of Blair and Robertson’s collection of
Spanish documents
• Contains extensive information about
political and socio-cultural history of
Tagalog region

• It discusses the early Tagalog:
1. Social Classes
Datu, Maharlika, Timawa, Alipin
(Namamahay and Saguiguilir)
2. Houses
made of bamboo, wood and
nipa palm
3. Ornaments
adds distinction to a person
(Kalumbiga and Agimat)

4. Dressing
Male: Putong, Kangan,Bahag
Female: Baro, Saya
5. Government
Barangay system
(30-100 families)
6. Marriage
Paninilbihan, Bigay-kaya,
Panghihimuyat, Bigay-suso

7. Religious beliefs (Paganism/Animism)
Badhala (Supreme being), Idayanale
(agriculture), Sidapa (death), Agni (fire),
Balangaw (raibow), Mandarangan (war),
Lalahon (harvest), Siginaguran (hell)
8. Economic life
agriculture, fishing, hunting,
shipbuilding, foreign trades
9. Language
Baybayin

10. Burials
Normal people buried beside their
house, Datu buried under a porch after
a four-day mourning
Mourning was accompanied by drinking
11. Witchcraft
Mancocolam, Hocloban, Manggagauay,
Tigbalang, Patianac

How Intramuros/Fort Santiago was made?

“Hindi natin mamahalin ang bansang
hindi natin kilala;
Mahirap paglingkuran ang bansang hindi
natin mahal;
Bago natin mahalin at paglingkuran ang
ating bayan, siguraduhin muna nating
kilala natin ito.”

• Written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896
• Codified document listing the
duties and responsibilities of
every Katipunan member
• Chose by Bonifacio instead
of his “Katungkulang Gagawin
ng mga Z. Ll. B.” (Dekalogo)

• It was influenced by:
Age of Enlightenment
French Revolution
Masonry
Propaganda Movement
La Liga Filipina

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong
makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili,
at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di
kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang
pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa
yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.

5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri
sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang
yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t
panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang
magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang
umaapi.

9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat
sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang
patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo
sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na
libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga
kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang
inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid,
ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.

13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa
tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing
kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng
lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at
walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at
puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong
magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na
sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa
kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang
liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng
ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay,
pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at
inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala
ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.

“Ang kasaysayan ay hindi basta-basta
kuwento, mayroon itong metodo.
Magtanong…
Mag-imbestiga…
Magkumpara…”
-Prof. Xiao Chua

“Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan”

• Written by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
• The first volume of this memoirs
was produced between 1928 and
1946
• It includes the accounts from his birth and
early years until the signing of the Biak-na-
Bato Treaty in 1897.

• This was based on Aguinaldo’s diary,
documents from himself and his relatives.
• End of 1963, decided to publish this
memoirs and translated in Tagalog by Dr.
Luz C. Bucu of University of the East in
1967.
• Ambeth Ocampo pressumed that the second
volume of this memoirs (2nd phase of
Philippine Revolution against Spain until
Philippine-American War).

The following contents of “Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan” were from the sixth chapter of
Nick Joquin’s “A Question of Heroes.”

• Aguinaldo had a rich family (Carlos
Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy)
• Aguinaldo studied at Colegio de San Juan de
Letran but stopped because of father’s death
• Aguinaldo became Cabeza de Barangay of
Binakayan (1895) because of Maura Law
• Aguinaldo became the
first Capitan Municipal
of Cavite Viejo (Kawit)

• Participated in Masonry with the name
“Colon” and in Katipunan with the name
“Magdalo”
• Santiago Alvarez (from Noveleta) urged him
to join Katipunan in Manila (1895)
• Aguinaldo led the Magdalo faction in Cavite
• Married Hilaria del Rosario of Imus in 1896
• “Capitan Municipal sa araw, Katipunan sa
gabi”

• Did not attend the August 24 Balintawak
meeting of Katipunan, instead he was
represented by his brother Crispulo (in this
meeting Bonifacio announced that the
revolution will be started on August 29)
• The August 29 plot did not happen because
Bonifacio in Manila was attacked by
Spaniards from Caloocan
• Aguinaldo started the revolt in Cavite on
August 31 (together with Bacoor, Imus, and
other Cavite Capitan Municipals)

• Aguinaldo became successful in different
battles in Cavite that caused some issues in
Katipunan
• The Katipunan in Cavite split into two:
“Magdalo” (Pro-Aguinaldo) and
“Magdiwang” (Pro-Bonifacio)
• Bonifacio wanted to solve the rivalry in a
December 1896 meeting in Imus (resulted
into a decision to dissolve the Katipunan
and to have a formal election for the new
revolutionary government)

• Aguinaldo became the president of
Philippine Revolutionary Government in
March 22, 1897 through Tejeros
Convention
• Bonifacio did not accept the results of the
election, then, he wrote the “Acta de Tejeros”
(March 23, 1897) and held the “Naic
Military Agreement” (April 19, 1897)

• Aguinaldo ordered the arrest and trial of
Bonifacio (and his brother Procopio)
• Further, Aguinaldo decided to sentence the
brothers into death penalty on May 10,
1897

• Aguinaldo agreed to be in a peace pact in
Biak-Na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan with the
Spaniards that led his exile to Hong Kong in
1897

“Acta de la Proclamacion
de la Independencia del
Pueblo Filipino”

• Written by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista
• Its intention was to encourage
the Filipinos to fight against
the Spaniards
• It was read during the declaration of
Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898
at Kawit Cavite

• It’s declaration was accompanied by playing
of the Philippine national anthem composed
by Julian Felipe through the band, “San
Francisco de Malabon”
• The declaration was
signed by 97 Filipinos
and an American
official, Col. M.L. Johnson
• The text of declaration reminisced the start
of 1896 Revolution in Caloocan and the
eight provinces who joined the Katipunan

“Sa huli, napagkasunduan ng lahat na ang Bayang
ito, na malaya na mula sa araw na ito, ay dapat
gamitin ang watawat na dati nang ginagamit nito,
na may disenyo at kulay na inilalarawan sa
inilakip na guhit: Ang tatlong panig na makikita
rito ay tiyak na sumasagisag sa puting tatsulok na
simbolong nagbibigay-pagkakakilanlan sa bantog
na kapisanang “Katipunan,” na sa pamamagitan
ng sanduguan ay nagpasiklab sa pag-aalsa ng
masa; ang tatlong bituin na kumakatawan sa
tatlong pangunahing isla ng Arkipelago – Luzon,
Mindanao, at Panay kung saan nagsimula ang
mapanghimagsik na kapatiran;

ang araw na representasyon ng mga dambuhalang
hakbang na isinagawa ng mga anak ng bayan sa
landas ng kaunlaran at kabihasnan; ang walong
sinag na sumisimbolo sa walong probinsiya–Manila,
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Laguna, at Batangas–na nagdeklara ng digmaan,
nang unang masindihan ang mitsa ng himagsikan;
at ang mga kulay na bughaw, pula, at puti, na lahat
ay nagsisilbing paggunita sa watawat ng Estados
Unidos sa Hilagang Amerika, bilang pagpapakita ng
malalim na pasasalamat sa Dakilang Bansa na
nagkaloob at nagkakaloob ng walang pag-iimbot na
pagtatanggol. At sa ganang ito, inihaharap ngayon
itong watawat sa mga Ginoong nagtitipon.”

“Ypinanaog ang Bandera nacional dito sa
bahay ng nasirang Dn. Maximo Ynocencio,
patungo sa bayan ng Cauit, o C. Viejo, p.a.
proclamahin ang aspiracion ng Yndep.a nitong
Sangkapuluang Katagalugan o Filipinas, oras
ng a las cuatro at dalauang minuto ng hapon.
Cavite a 12 Junio 1898.”
• The document lost during the pilferage of
historical documents in 1990s but finally
returned to National Library in 1994
through historian Milagros Guerrero.

Cuenca Mansion
August 1, 1898
(Bacoor Assembly)

“Philippine Cartoons:
Political Caricature of the
American Era”

• Written by Alfred McCoy and
Alfredo Roces
• American period in the
Philippines provided leeway
in the publication of independent
newspapers but in strict manner.
• The censorship loosened when
civil government was established in 1901.

• Many Filipino artists made us of cartoons as
political commentaries to expose the ills of
the American colonial government.
• McCoy provided an analysis of the issues
during American period through cartoons
and Roces compiled these cartoons on a
book.

Newspapers that included political cartoons:
• “The Philippine Free Press” (featured
investigative articles regarding country’s
development)
• “The Independent” (forum for the discussion
of political issues in the country weekly)
• “Bag-Ong Kusog” (highlighted the conditions
in Cebu prior to WW2 and differences of
Spanish and American colonization)

• “Lipag-Kalabaw” (Tagalog and Spanish
newspaper with satiric cartoons)
• “El Renacimiento” (campaigned for the right
of free press)
• “La Vanguardia” (survived until WW2 and
one of Manila’s leading newspapers)

“Filipino Grievances
Against Governor Wood”

• Written by Gregorio Zaide and
was approved by Commission
on Independence as Document
No. 608 on November 17,
1926
• It was served as a protest for an
Impeachment request for
Gov. Leonard Wood

Gov. Leonard Wood’s political achievements:
• Arrived in the Philippines after his services
in Cuba during 1903
• Appointed as Governor of Moro province in
Mindanao
• Commissioned 1921 by US Pres. Warren
Harding with Gov. William Forbes to
investigate if the Philippines was ready to be
given independence after Francis Harrison’s
“Filipinization Policy.”

Grievances against Governor Wood:
• Recommended the extension of US in the
Philippines after Wood-Forbes Mission
• Reversed the Filipinization Policy of
Harrison when he appointed as Governor of
the Philippines in 1923.
• Issued Executive Order No. 37 that nullified
laws creating the Board of Control
(composed of Filipinos) and its functions
• Aimed his government to conduct business
without the consent of Philippine
Legislature

• Disregarded the decision of Jose P. Laurel
(Interior Secretary) to suspend Ray Conley
from his work as a secret detective because
of bribery and having mistress, this caused
the “Cabinet Crisis of 1923” (Five Filipino
Cabinet secretaries resigned led by Laurel
and followed by Senate Pres. Manuel
Quezon and House Speaker Manuel Roxas)
*Filipinos protested because of Gov. Wood’s defiance to the
Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law.

• The executive-legislative tension became
more intense when Gov. Wood vetoed
several bills passed by Philippine
legislature.
• Gov. Wood did not finished his term because
of his death in August 7, 1927.

“President Corazon
Aquino’s Speech Before
the U.S. Congress”
(September 18, 1986)

• Written by Corazon Aquino as she was
invited by the US Congress to convene a
Joint Meeting for the purpose of hearing an
address from a foreign leader
• The speech was delivered
seven months after being
sworn into office under
revolutionary government

The speech targeted two goals:
1. To express gratitude towards US for
helping Filipinos regain freedom from
Marcos’ dictatorship;
2. To seek help from US in restoring
government, considering her decision to
honor the foreign debts the Philippines
incurred during
Marcos’ administration

• Documentary produced by Oak3 Films in
2008 in co-production agreement with the
Media Authority of Singapore and Korean
Broadcasting Commission
• It depicts the slave-raiding activities by
Balangingi Samal, Ilanun and
Tausug tribes under the
command of Sultan of Sulu

• It also shows the Moro resistance to the
Spanish and American colonial
Governments in Mindanao.
• The raids through the use of “Balanghai” in
the coastal areas of Spanish settlements
were sanctioned by the Sultans to retaliate
against the colonizers.
• The Spanish and American wars against
Moros led the
Christian-Muslim
conflict in the country.

Documentary’s key informants:
• Icelle D. Borja
• Samuel K. Tan, PhD
• Barbara W. Andaya, PhD
• Julius Bautista, PhD
• Margarita D. Cojuangco, PhD
• Halman Abubakar

Juan Luna’s paintings
• Illustrates literary and
historical scenes that
carried political commentaries
Fernando Amorsolo’s paintings
• Depicted life during late American period
and Japanese occupation in the country, and
also other focused on rural landscapes

“Spoliarium”
• Largest painting in the Philippines (4.22 m x
7.67 m)
• Luna spent eight months working on this
painting that won three gold medals in 1884
Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in
Madrid, Spain

“La Muerte de Cleopatra”
• Won silver medal in 1881 Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid, Spain
• Now located at the Museo del Prado, Spain

“The Battle of Lepanto”
• Won the gold medal in the 1888 Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid, Spain
• Located at present in Palacio del Senado,
Spain

“El Pacto de Sangre”
• Depicts the blood compact between Rajah
Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
• Located at Malacañang Palace

“Bombing of the Intendencia”

“Bombing of the Legislative Building”

“Defense of a Filipino Woman’s
Honor”

“Making of the
Philippine Flag”
“First Baptism”

Suggested readings for Chapter 2:
• “The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 ;Vol. 7” (pp. 165-187) by Emma Blair
and James Alexander Robertson (2004)
• “The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on Katipunan, 1892-1897”
by James Richardson (2013)
• “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” by Emilio Aguinaldo (1964)
• “Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence” by
National Historical Institute (1997)
• “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American era 1900-
1941” by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces (1985)
• “Documentary sources of Philippine History; Vol. 2” by Gregorio Zaide
(1990)
• “President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress (September
18, 1986)”

Suggested Websites for Primary
sources:
• Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
• Miguel de Benavidez UST Digital Library
(http://digilib.ust.edu.ph)
• National Library of the Philippines TeknoAklatan
(http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph/TechnoAklatan.htm)
• Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
(https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/)
• Podkas.org (https://www.podkas.org)
• Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org)
• University of Michigan Digital Collection
(https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclphilimg)

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Readings in Philippine History Chapter 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of selected primary sources in Philippine History