TOPIC : LANDSCAPE PRINCIPLES GARDEN DESIGN PLANT SELECTION

1. BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECTURE
Subject : LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Topic : PLANT SELECTION, PLANT MANAGEMENT,
PLANT CRITERIA, PLANT DETAIL AND GARDEN DESIGN
Faculty:- Ar. Dhruvita Mahida
Ar.Nirav khandwala

2. P L A N T
SELECTIO
N

3. INTRODUCTION
P L A N T
SELECTION
 Plants are the living
organisms present on the
earth. These are identified
by their foliage, profile,
color, etc. The anatomy of
most plants contain roots,
stems, leaves, flowers, etc.
 There basic parts are.
Roots
Leaves
Stem
Flowers
Foods

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT
P L A N T
SELECTION
 TEMPERATURE
Plants grow well only within
a limited temperature range.
 LIGHT
All vegetable plants and many
flowers require large amounts of
sunlight.
 OXYGEN
Plants require oxygen for respiration
to carry out their functions of water
and nutrient uptake. In soil
adequate oxygen is usually
available.
 WATER
Different req. in different seasons
like,
During the hot summer months a
large tomato plant may use one-
half gallon of water per day. But in
winter it will use less.

5. WHY LANDSCAPE?
P L A N T
SELECTION
 As a Sound Barrier
PLANTS CAN ACT AS SCUPTURE
WHEN PLACED AGAINST A BLANK
WALL
 Aesthetics – Looks
POLLUTION CONTROL: EMBANKMENTS, DECIDUOUS AND
EVERGREEN PLANTINGS, AND MASONRY WALLS ARE USED
TOGETHER.
Pollution Cnotrol
USE OF WIND BREAKS TO
CONTROL WINTER WINDS.
Trees can stop or defuse
unnecessary light
Diffuse Light  Wind block
TREES CONTROLS
SOLAR RADIATION
 Climate control

6. Basic Analysis
P L A N T
SELECTION
 Measure – Determine scale
 Existing Plants
 Orientation – Sunlight Path
 Water Slope
 Uses
 Public Area – street front
 Outdoor Living Area
 Service Area
Site Analysis
 Attraction for birds or Butterflies or
Wildlife?
 Fragrance
 Privacy
 Meditation and tranquility?
FUNCTION

7. PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
P L A N T
SELECTION
 Balance
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Out of Balance
 Proportion
Now they are
too small to fill
the space
Soon they will
be too big
Poor plant
selection
 UNITY
Trees are nicely sized
and placed
 CORNER
PLANTING Always in a
landscape
No more
than 3 or 4
species
Tall in back
Short in front
Use odd
number of
plants
 LINE PLANTINGS
Creates
walls of
outdoor
rooms.
Need
variety in
size & shape.
Often used
along
property
boundaries.
 Foundation
PlantingsTaller plants near
corners
Shorter plants under
windows

8. TYPES OF PLANT
P L A N T
SELECTION
GRASS HERBS SHRUBS
CLIMBING PLANTS CREEPING PLANTS

9. TYPES OF PLANT
P L A N T
SELECTION
Grass With their variety of shapes, colors, and sizes, grasses are perfect for
container gardens.
Add Texture to Beds
and Borders
Ornamental grasses add
unique texture to the
landscape. Soft,
mounding grasses such
as fountaingrass look
great with plants that have
a bolder texture, for
example.
Soften
Hardscaping
Whether it's walls,
paving, or other
hardscapes,
ornamental grasses
can soften their look
and keep them from
feeling cold and
uninviting.
 Attract Wildlife
Grasses can be great for
attracting wildlife,
especially birds. They'll
use the leaf blades for
making nests, find shelter
in larger grasses, and
many species will eat the
grass seeds.
Create Edging
Edge your beds and
borders with a tidy
line of neat grasses.
Small selections,
such as the blue
fescue shown here,
are best for this.

10. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native INDIA
 BRILLIANT (Gardenia jasminoides)
Appearance –
 This is really a very nice and beautiful shrub. Sometimes it is like a
small Shrub
 The cracking bark of the 'Brilliant Gardenia' is paler and greenish-
grey in colour. The leaves are of a bright, clear green colour,
gives them a polished look. Though the single yellow flowers of
this shrub are a little smaller, they bear equally strong perfume.
The fruit of the 'Brilliant Gardenia' is woody. It is a soft, 2.5 cm
across ball.
Texture
• It exudes gum from the buds. Leaves have very short stalks. They
are oblong or oval or obovate, obtuse
•Silky and later on rough
Height
•Brilliant Gardenia is a small, unarmed tree, up to 3 m tall.
Uses
 Good aesthetic view .
 Used in passages for
better circulation.
 People can exude a
clear and aromatic gum
from the tips of young
shoots and buds.
Flowering Seasons
• March-April.
Form
•It is lighter in the form and colour than the garden 'Gardenia'.
Spread
• spread is of 4 to 5 m

11. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 GOLDEN CHAMPAK (Magnolia champaca) Uses
 The wood is quite
hard and has an
attractive grain of
red-brown colour.
However, as it has
a tendency to
warp, people do
not use it widely.
Appearance :-
 The bright yellow coloured and fragrant flowers appear during the time when
the leaves are new.
 The maroon coloured fruit of the 'Golden Champak' develops when
the petals fall down.
 The stems are dark brown. The flowers of this shrub appear in clusters.
 The clusters remain on some stems that are about 2.5 cm in length.
 The fruits of the shrub are about 5 cm in length. In the beginning, they
are green in colour. When they become matured, they turn to
maroon and black. The fruits normally develop singly or sometimes in
clusters where they remain up to ten in number,
 The leaves are generally long and pointed with some wavy and finely
notched edges.
Form
•It is a fragile plant that bears soft, circular, green colored stems.
Height
• The height of the plan goes upto 2 to 3 m
Spread
• It has a spread of about 1.5m to 2m
Flowering Seasons
•This is a non-woody climbing plant that dyes down during the summer.
The fleshy underground stem or root of the plant remains inactive until
the following Rainy season.

12. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 GOLDEN SHOWER (Oncidium)

Uses
 It has the
exceptional ability
to remain
effective all
through the year.
 It frames along a
garden fence, up
a Palm or over an
old tree stump.
Appearance :-
Some other names in English are: the 'Orange Bignonia', 'Flame Vine'
and 'Flaming Trumpet'.
 It contains a large number of beautiful and attractive flowers. The
stems of the ' Golden Shower' are strong, angled and green in color.
The leaves of this plant are bright and of dark green color. They are
shiny at the top and rather hairy beneath.
The flowers usually appear in some dense, floppy clusters.
They do not have any perfume and they have a very short flowering
season. The ' Golden Shower' is an admirable ornament for any
garden. Probably, it is the most outstanding and elegant climbing plant
in the world. Form
•The plant is densely evergreen and it never becomes messy or untidy.
Height
• it is a medium-sized tree growing to 10-20 m tall with fast growth
Spread
•This is an extensively climbing plant. The 'Golden Shower' can thrive well in
any good, tough soil
Flowering Seasons
•During the month of February, you can see the bunches of these flowers
even at the highest part of the tall trees.
•Flowers appearing period are between the months of February and April.

13. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 IXORA (Ixora coccinea) Uses
The flowers are very
suitable for indoor
decoration, as they
remain fresh for a long
time after plucking.
Appearance :-
 There are a lot of species of this very Shrub differing with each other in
colors and sizes .
The Shrub normally grows with some rough and grey colored branches.
They also bear some glossy stems that are of dark red color.
The leaves are silky and they appear in pairs. In some special occasions,
they appear in trees as well. They are dark and shining.
Each of the flowers of the ' Ixora Shrub' is a long and slender tube. The
They are sometimes huge, round shaped full trusses and some other times,
they are merely a group of a dozen or so. You will find all the shades and
colors in this Shrub except the blues and purples.
The fruit of the 'Ixora Shrub' is usually black and similar to the size of cherry.
.
Height
•This Shrub is one of the smaller varieties of its family and can reach a mere
height of above 150 cm.
Flowering Seasons
•The Shrub flowers blooms all through the year but during the Rainy season,
stays in its fullest bloom.
.

14. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 LANTANA SHRUB (Lantana camara) Uses
These flowers can
easily make a
gorgeous table
decoration and
people can obtain
them when no
other flowers are
available.
Appearance :-
 The ' Lantana Shrub' resembles a variety of ' C. Camara'.
The Shrub contains a strong smell of black currants. The smell is more
evident when you touch the plant or trouble it.
The branches are square in shape and pale green in colour. Sometimes
they are hairy and sometimes they are armed with curvy spikes.
The leaves of the 'Lantana Shrub' are also hairy. However, in this case
the hairs remain hidden.
The leaves usually grow in pairs and their colour is bright clear green.
Each of the pairs remains almost crosswise to the next. They are oval in
shape and have the ability to reach about 7.5 cm. Length.
Form
•It is a tedious and pointed shrub.
Height
• Its height is around 12" - 6'
Spread
•The Shrub has an amazing speed of spreading and it can also grow very
rapidly. For this very reason, it has become a serious danger
and it costs India many rupees in damage.
Flowering Seasons
•The Shrub bears flowers all through the year.

15. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native - America
 ALLEMANDE (Allamanda cathartica)
Appearance –
 The shrub is of deep green colour
 The flowers of the shrub are waxy and yellow in colour.
 They are a very attractive and although it is generally
considered to be without scent, you can detect a faint but
rich smell of spices in some special occasions.
 The whole flower is about 8.8 cm in diameter.
Foliage
•It has shining and woody, evergreen foliage.
Texture
•Silky and later on rough
Height
•Reaches a free-standing height of 2 meters or more annually
•It can climb to a considerable height under suitable conditions.
Flowering Seasons
•The ' Allemande' is capable of producing flowers all through the yea
though there is a period when the flowers are small, imperfect and
remain few in number.
Uses
Owing to its fast
growth, Allamanda
has been introduced
widely where it is used
as a groundcover or
for hedges and
screens.
They may be seen in
roadside ditch,
abandoned yards and
dumps.

16. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - tropical and southern Africa to Asia
 GLORY LILY (Gloriosa superba)
Appearance –
If you walkthrough countryside, you will easily notice the flaming colours of
the 'Glory Lily' and see the plant twists among the bushes.
The leaves of the plant are bright and silky. They are variable in their length
and breadth
The flowers change their colour when they open and present some lovely
variations of yellow, orange and pink colour. The flowers of the 'Glory Lily' are
like ovals in shape
The fleshy tube of the ' Glory Lily' can become poisonous sometimes.
Uses
Best grown in a
container in a position
that this wonderful
plant can be easily
seen
Foliage
• It has a green and cup shaped foliage
Form
•It is a fragile plant that bears soft, circular, green colored stems.
Height
• The height of the plan goes upto 2 to 3 m
Spread
• It has a spread of about 1.5m to 2m
Flowering Seasons
•This is a non-woody climbing plant that dyes down during the
summer. The fleshy underground stem or root of the plant remains
inactive until the following Rainy season.

17. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 MOON BEAM (Coreopsis verticillata)
Uses
 It is mainly used in
public gardens for
dividing areas and
around the
pathways
Form
•It is a tedious and pointed shrub.
Height
• Its height is around 12" - 6'
Spread
•The Shrub has an amazing speed of spreading and it can also grow
very rapidly. For this very reason, it has become a serious danger
and it costs India many rupees in damage.
Flowering Seasons
•The Shrub bears flowers all through the year.
Appearance :-
 If you look at this tree on a moonlit night, you will understand very easily
why the shrub is called as 'Chandnee' or 'Moonbeam'. The main reason
is that the growing whiteness of the flowers stands out against the dark
and shining leaves.
 The shrub bears some scattered clumps of stunning, white flowers, The
flowers remain in greater numbers on those bushes that get plenty of
sunlight.
 The branches and twigs of the shrub are ashy and wrinkled
 The young leaves of the "Moonbeam' are of a rich, glossy green colour. They can grow up to
10 cm in length. They are pointed and shaped like ovals. The delicate fragrance of the flowers
of the 'Moonbeam' increases towards evening and if the sprays are cut, it makes a pleasant
table decoration.

18. TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs)
P L A N T
SELECTION
 GARDENIA (Gardenia jasminoides)
Form
•Dense, evergreen shrub when you keep it in shape.
Height
• G. ‘Radicans' is a low-growing groundcover which reaches 15-45
cm (6-18 in)
Spread
• spreads up to a meter wide
Flowering Seasons
•Flowers bloom majorly in winter.
Native : - tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, etc.
The flowers finish their appearance only in the winter.
The crowded leaves of the 'Gardenia' grow in opposite pairs and twists.
They are of a rich, pale green colour at the young age and they change to a
deep, dark colour by the course of time. They are usually long and slender
and they get thinner to a very short stalk.
If cultivated, the 'Gardenia' usually bears double flowers that are up to 7.5
cm. across, they are also showy and have a very wonderful perfume. Just
before the blooms fall, unluckily the pure white of the fresh flowers changes to
dull ochre.
The fruit is a corrugated, orange coloured berry.
Appearance – Gardenia Oil to treat
infections, especially
bladder infections;
abscesses; jaundice; and
blood in the urine, sputum,
or stool.
Candles are a
popular use for Gardenia
Essential Oil for its
wonderful fragrance.
Uses

19.  TULSI (Ocimum tenuiflorum)
TYPES OF PLANT
P L A N
T
SELECTIO
N
Native : - INDIA
Appearance –
 Tulsa is heavy branched having all over hair.it attains the height of
about 75 -90cm.
 It has round oval shaped leaves up to 5 cm long. the leaves are 2-3cm
in length.
 Its seeds are flat. Its flowers are purple cream in colour. A leaf of tulsi
contains essential oil.
 Tulsi seeds are germinate easily. The seeds mainly sown in the spring
season.
Uses
 it is mainly used in
the court of the
houses or in the
Pooja room of the
residence.
Climate & condition
• It is mainly grown in the temperate climate
• Tulsi prefers rich soil for its growth.
height
• It is an erect, many-branched subshrub, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall
with hairy stems and simple phyllotaxic green or purple leaves that
are strongly scented.
Ayurveda
• Tulsi has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda for its
diverse healing properties

20. TYPES OF PLANT (CREEPER)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - Central Mexico
 CORAL CREEPER (Antigonon leptopus)
Appearance –
 The flower is like a deep cup when it is fully open.
The leaves of the 'Coral Creeper' are like hearts in shape or
sometimes they are triangular. They are pointed and usually up to
7.5 cm in length.
The surface of the leaves is wrinkled and the edges are a little
wavy. They are bright green in colour and paler beneath.
The fruit of the plant is a small nut that is sheathed by five heart-
shaped leaves. Texture
• ovate, heart-shaped and undulate, soft, pronounced veins on
underside
• dark seed incased in papery, straw-colored sheath
Height
• It is a fast growing, evergreen vine, climbing with tendrils that will
reach 40 feet (13 meters)
Uses
 People use them as a
hardy perennial that is
very suitable for covering
fences, wall or pergolas.
This is an asset to any
garden.
Flowering Seasons
• The leaves of the plant fall down in the month of February and
for the next few months it appears in a very messy manner unless
you trim and tied it up.
Form
• twining vine, clings and climbs with curled tendrils .

21. TYPES OF PLANT (Trees)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 ASOPALAV (Polyalthia longifolia)
Appearance –
 Smooth, dark brown bark, a straight stem, and short, slender
branches spreading more or less at right angles from the stem
and in a whorled fashion.
The leaves are translucent when young and occur in great
profusion.
The delicate yellowish green flowers have six spreading, pointed
petal and are hidden in the dense masses of leaves along the
branches.
Foliage
•Glossy green drooping lea lance-shaped, long, and tapering with
wavy margins.
Form
•Symmetrical pyramidal growth and long narrow leaves with undulate
margins.
Height
•Grow over 30 ft in height.
Flowering Seasons
•2-3 weeks in March/April & July/August .
Uses
•It is a lofty evergreen tree,
commonly planted due to its
effectiveness in alleviating
noise pollution.
•In India, the spreading form
of this tree is cultivated in all
the hot areas.
.

22. Chinar (Platanus orientalis)
native – Western Himalayan range, particularly in
the Kashmir Valley .
Appearance/ Peculiarities
•The bark is light grey or greenish, exfoliating in large, thin flakes exposing patches of light yellow
new bark. The large leaves are distinctive, broadly heart-shaped with five or seven deeply cut
triangular, pointed, coarsely toothed lobes, and long Leaf - stalk.
Foliage
•The Flowers appear in green, spherical, unisexual clusters hanging from long stalks.
Texture
•Coarse textured
Form
•Open headed
Height
•The tree attains great heights, up to 30 m and girth up 12m
Spread
•Largest circumference of 60 feet
Flowering Seasons
•The leave fall in October – November and is a great sight
during Autumn when its leaves turns golden yellow or
shades of red. During April—May the tree sprouts new
leaves and flowers.
•The fruits in large globular clusters ripen in June - July
and remain on the tree for a long time.
P L A N T
SELECTION
TYPES OF PLANT (Trees)

23. TYPES OF PLANT (Trees)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - India
 GULMOHAR (Delonix regia)
Appearance –
•The slender trunk is covered by greyish brown bark.
•The spreading branches bear bright green feathery leaves.
•Ten red stamens project beyond the petals. The long flat pods are
green at first but soon turn brown and hang from the branches for a
long time.
Transplantation
•Propagated from seeds as well as cuttings, it is a fast-growing tree but
gets damaged easily by high winds.
Height
•This deciduous tree gains a height of 12 to 15 m.
Spread
•Its elegant wide-spreading umbrella-like canopy can be
wider than its height.
Flowering Seasons
•Just before the hot season the foliage falls and the branches
become almost bare.
•The deep orange to scarlet flowers first appear in April and continue
along with the fresh new foliage till the first showers monsoon.
Uses
Widely cultivated as a
street tree and also in
residential areas.
.

24. TYPES OF PLANT (Trees)
P L A N T
SELECTION
Native : - West Indians
 ROYAL PALM TREE (Roystonea
regia)
Appearance
•It is a tall stately tree with thick base that swells in the middle and
gradually tapers near the top to a narrower green part formed by the
leaf sheaths.
•This shape accounts for its popular name "Bottle Palm". Older, mature
trees are more or less regular in width.
•The light grey, smooth trunk has horizontal ring-marks at regular
intervals. The fruit is an elongated berry, violet when ripe.
Foliage
•The large, gracefully curving leaves are divided into narrow leaflets
which arise closely from both sides of the midrib.
Height
•Spread
Flowering Seasons
•The small straw-coloured and female flowers appear in the hot
summer months, the dropping clusters emerging at the
top of the grey stem below the shiny green leaf-sheaths.
Uses
This palm has become very
popular in India, particularly as
an avenue tree and also in parks
and gardens.
Several Royal Palms were
planted along the seafront at
Marine Drive in Mumbai, but the
effect of the strong winds altered
their shape and today the
survivors look less royal and like
trees in distress.

25. sonmohar
native – Andaman, Malaysia, Srilanka & Northern
Australia.
Appearance/ Peculiarities
•It is a tall tree with smooth grey bark and spreading crown of deep green,
bipinnate leaves, and it flowers for months together, making a fine avenue tree.
Foliage
•The flower has a copper-coloured calyx and crinkled yellow petals with rusty
bases.
Texture
•Medium Textured
Form
•Open Headed
Flowering Seasons
•The flowering period varies from tree to tree.
•Five-petalled fragrant yellow flowers cover the crown during April—July and again in
September-November.
•They fall to the ground when still fresh.
•The large shield-shaped copperpods increase in profusion during December-January,
when most of leaves fall. The shields remain on the tree for over a year, turning black
by the time they fall.
Uses
•Widely cultivated as a street tree and also in residential areas.
Transplantation
•The tree grows easily from seeds.
P L A N T
SELECTION
TYPES OF PLANT (Trees)

26. canon - Ball tree
native – South America
Appearance
•It is a slow-growing tree but has a long life.
• The tall, straight trunk has rough brownish grey Bark.
•The brown, hard-shelled spherical fruits look like cannon-balls hang from the stalks.
• The ripe fruits contain cream coloured stinking pulp that soon turns green; small brown seeds
are embedded in the pulp.
Foliage
•The large, pointed leaves are borne near the ends of the spreading short horizontal branches.
•From the lower part of trunk grows flowers on leafless, twisted, hanging stalks. Each has six
concave fleshy petals, which have a pleasing mixture of pink, yellow, and white outside and
deep pink or crimson within.
Texture : Fine Texture
Form : Spreading
Height : Over 40 ft. (12 m)
Flowering Seasons
•The tree usually sheds its leaves several times a year, new leaves start growing
on the branches within a few days .
Uses
•The tree is planted in gardens and by the roadside in many Indian towns and
cities.
• According to Benthall, in the climate of Bengal the flowers are not borne in much
profusion, nor do the fruits attain their maximum size.
Transplantation
•This tree grows from seeds.
TYPES OF PLANT (Shrubs) P L A N T
SELECTION

27. GARDEN
DESIGN

28.  A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display,
cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden
can incorporate both natural and man-made materials.
Gardens include- Residential garden, Zoological garden, Botanical garden,
Zen Garden, Xeriscape Garden etc.
Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for
layout and planting of gardens and landscapes.
 The history of ornamental gardening may be considered as aesthetic
expressions of beauty through art and nature, a display of taste or style in
civilized life, an expression of an individual's or culture's philosophy, and
sometimes as a display of private status or national pride—in private and
public Landscapes.
The earliest gardens were grown for practical reasons. People grew herbs or
vegetables. However when man became civilized an upper class emerged
with the leisure to enjoy purely decorative gardens. They also had servants (or
slaves) to do the gardening for them. After the emergence of the first civilizations,
wealthy individuals began to create gardens for purely aesthetic purposes.
GARDEN
DESIGNINTRODUCTION

29. GARDEN
DESIGNPRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
 Order can be defined as the overall
organization and structure of the design;
i.e. the skeleton of the design.
 Without order, a design becomes
fragmented into unrelated parts that
results in a disjointed, uncoordinated
appearance.
 The design should create a theme which
carries on throughout the composition.
Garden styles are often used to create
order throughout a design.
 ORDER
There are far too
many materials used
in such a small space.
Try to use a maximum
of 3 hardscape
materials in your
design.
Example of disorder.
 UNITY
 Unity can be defined as the harmonious relationship among
all elements and characteristics of a design.
 In addition to the overall design, unity can be spoken of in terms
of form, material, color and texture. Unity is a visual quality that
may not always be consciously perceived, but is always sensed.
 The easiest way to establish unity is to limit the
complexity and number to one. Most
compositions require the use of more than one
element.
• Duality and competition
of two
 Combinations of two similar elements
tend to destroy unity because competition
between the two is established.
 Your eye can become unsettled because
your attention is taken from one element to
another without settling on either. It’s a little
like watching a tennis match
• Unity of three  Three elements of the same type balance
and equalize one another.
 The eye does not settle on one element
but relates to the cluster as a whole. That is
why plant groupings are usually in threes or
other odd numbers.
 This avoids the competition of two

30. GARDEN
DESIGNPRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
 TWO TYPES OF UNITY
 Maintain unity with shape and texture, create interest by varying size.
Another way to provide unity is to simplify the diversity or differences among
the elements.
 Too much similarity can be boring. Variety can be created by altering
some, but not all of the potential variables.
 In this example the color of the units has stayed the same, but interest has
been added by changing their sizes.
Same size Different size
 The pavers all have spring
flowering plants planted
between them. So over time the
picture changes dramatically.
 #Figure 2 Same garden in spring
#Figure 1 #Figure 2
 TIME
LAPS
 DOMINANCE
Very similar to the unity of
one. Due to the dominant
element’s size, shape, tone,
texture or location, all other
elements are subordinate to it.
The eye is continually drawn
back to the dominant element.
This dominant element is usually
known as the focal point.
Unity with diversity same size
and shape, interest created
by varying tone and texture.

DIVERSITY

31. GARDEN
DESIGNPRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
 BALANCE
 Balance can be
achieved through
symmetry – repeating
the same feature on
either side of a
dividing line. This is
used in formal
gardens.
 Balancing volumes
or shapes on
opposing sides of the
garden (but with less
attention
to the strict centre
line of a space). This
is used in
informal gardens.
 SCALE AND
PROPORTION It is important to keep the
features in the garden to a
human scale and in
proportion to each other.
Paths need to be wide
enough and spaces large
enough for people to move
about freely.
OTHER PRINCIPLES
 THE GARDEN SHOULD LOOK LIKE IT
‘BELONGS’ WITH THE HOUSE AND
THE
WIDER ENVIRONMENT.
 IT SHOULD BE AN ENJOYABLE SPACE
TO BE IN – WHETHER DESIGNED FOR
 EXCITEMENT OR CALM
CONTEMPLATION.
 IT SHOULD LOOK AS THOUGH EACH
ELEMENT WAS ‘MEANT’ TO BE
WHERE
IT IS.
 VISTA
This is also
known as
"framing the view"
where you
deliberately plant
or construct
something to
lead the eye
where you want it
to go.

32.  FORMAL LANDSCAPING
Formal landscaping is best described as structured,
orderly, perfect or clean.
Hedges are often used in formal landscaping.
Some hedges are straight, some have curves, but
they tend to have a great sense of symmetry and
balance.
Formal gardening attempts to fight with nature to
make it stay growing and stay perfect.
GARDEN
DESIGNTYPES OF GARDEN

33.  This image of a
Formal Landscape
Example is a Garden
Design that fits a
formal colonial
home- the hedges are
equally spaced on
both sides of the
walk. The planting
design is symmetrical
and both sides of the
walk match.
MUGHAL GARDEN AT TAJ MEHAL , AGRA
FORMAL GARDEN AT RASHTRAPATI
BHAWAN,
GARDEN
DESIGNTYPES OF GARDEN

34.  INFORMAL LANDSCAPING
Informal landscaping is more relaxed than formal
landscaping.
If hedges are used at all, they are not sheared
flat, but instead they are left fluffy and soft.
Informal landscaping is more in-step with nature, it
looks more natural.
Informal Landscaping include the organic form.
GARDEN
DESIGNTYPES OF GARDEN

35. GARDEN
DESIGNTYPES OF GARDEN
Formal Garden Informal garden
Follows a strict symmetry
Not necessarily symmetrical at
all – though balance is still
important
Strong shapes in planting and
formal features – topiary and
monumental sculpture
Planting is loose and features
are quirky or casual.
Often public or semi-public
spaces
Private and personal spaces.
Structure of design is clear and
apparent e.g. knot gardens.
It may not, at first glance, look
deliberately ‘designed’ at all.
Formal garden features Informal garden features
Representational statutes;
dressed stone walls, clean
lines
Abstract statutes or use of
feature stones etc, rustic
fences or arches
Box (Buxus sempervirens)
or other clipped hedges
Wild or native hedging
(Cratageus monogyna)
Straight stone lined water
features, formal fountains
Wildlife ponds or streams
FORMAL GARDEN
INFORMAL GARDEN

36. BOTANICAL GARDEN
ZOOLOGICAL
GARDEN
XERISCAPE GARDEN
ZEN GARDEN
DESIGNTYPES OF GARDEN
GARDEN
PUZZEL GARDEN
MUGHAL GARDEN GARDEN CONCEPT

37. GARDEN
DESIGNTYPES OF GARDEN
 ROOF
GARDEN  Select highly puncture
resistant membrane
 Provide positive
drainage at membrane
level.
 Ensure proper system
protection
 Incorporate drainage
, layer/root barrier
 Utilize Moisture Retention
Mat (where applicable)
• Decorative benefit
• Roof plantings may provide food
• Temperature control
• Architectural enhancement
• Habitats or corridors for wildlife
• Recreational opportunities
 VERTICAL
GARDEN
New concept of
gardening
Developed in
Switzerland
Vertical garden-
any kind of
construction and
support structure for
growing plants in an
upwards-directed,
vertical way
Use of space - sacks, bags, flowerpots
and all kinds of available receptacles bins,
cans, tins, bottles, tanks or boxes and
even the unused places like on the roof of
houses, balconies, on the top of walls or
just hung up

38. Proper plant selection is one the most important "secrets" in successful landscaping.
They're also elements that can be used with purpose such as screening, shade, erosion control, dividing, focal points, noise control, etc.
So choosing the right plants for the right place and purpose is helpful for professional looking, working, and manageable landscaping.
Primary considerations for selecting landscape plants
•Height and Width are figured by the mature size a plant will reach in both upward and outward directions. Not calculating this can cause
serious problems in the future.
•Form is the shape of the plant and how it will occupy and accent space. Form and shape are considered as columnar, round, vase, weeping,
oval, creeping, etc.
•Texture is the fineness or roughness of plants. It can also be categorized in terms of leaf thickness and shade(light or dark) of plants. As a rule,
plants with finer textures should be used in greater numbers than plants with coarse textures.
•Seasonal interest and colour are figured by the special features a plant has at different times of the year. Foliage, fruit, flowers, Winter colour,
changing colours, etc.
Secondary considerations for selecting landscaping plants
•Insect and disease resistance
•Sun or Shade
•Moisture tolerance
•Drought Resistance
•Soil Type
Plant selection for best design and effect.
•A few well-selected plant varieties can have more impact and appeal than a mix match selection
•Planting in groups of 3's, 5's, 7's, etc. also gives a sense of intentional design, balance, and unity.
•Use plants that bloom at different times to keep a splash of colour in the garden all year.
•Use plants that are evergreen and semi-evergreen in equally spaced settings for added winter colour and unity.
•Give consideration to plant height.
•Native plant selection is also something that you should be considered.
conclusion

39. THANK YOU

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