This document discusses the history and concepts of occupational health. It notes that occupational health originated from concerns over child labor and factory/workshop safety laws in Sudan in 1908 and 1949. Modern occupational health aims to promote optimal health, productivity and social adjustment for workers. It addresses physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological hazards present in various occupations. The document also outlines the roles and interventions of occupational health nurses in conducting health assessments, education, screening and promoting safety measures to prevent work-related diseases, injuries and disability.

2. OCCUPATION
HEALTH
Sahar balla
M.S.c of CHN

3. HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL H.
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4. HISTORY OF OCCUP. H. IN SUDAN
 1908 – Child labor Act
 1949 – Factory and Workshops Act
 1968 – Establishment of Occup. H.
Dept.
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5.  Previously it was thought
that related to factories and
mines.
 common term of industrial
hygiene.

6.  Modern concept include all
occupational hazards and
ergonomics.

7. DEFINITION
occupational health
Promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of
all workers in all occupations
(WHO1953).
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8. PROBLEM
 Annual deaths > 200 000.
 Annual diseases > over 120 millions.
 New introduced chemicals.
 Affects economics directly.
 Chemical epidemics are serious.
 Industrialization is growing -
Developing countries use pollutant
industries.
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9. Aim of occupational heath:-
Promotion and maintain of
highest physical, mental and
social well-being of worker in all
occupation.

10.  The protection of worker in their
employment.
 placing the worker in an adapted
environment(ergonomics).

11.  assist the injured and
disabled for rehabilitation.
 Provide safe occupational
environment.

12. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD:-
 (A)Physical hazard:-
 (B)Chemical Hazard
 (c)Biological Hazard
 (D)Psychological Hazard
 (E) Agricultural Hazard

13. (A)
Physical
hazard:-

14. (1)Heat and cold:-
a)Direct effect is burn, heat
exhaustion and heat stroke.
b)- Indirect effect is
decreased efficient, fatigue,
risk of accident.

15. Hazards associated with cold
e.g. 1-frost bite due to
vasoconstriction.
2-hypothermia.

16. (2)- Light:-
 poor illumination lead
to strain, headache, eye
pain, and eye fatigue.
 bright of light lead to
visual fatigue and blurring
vision lead to accident.

17. (3)- Noise:-
 Auditory effects for
e.g. temporary or permanent
loss of hearing.
 Non auditory effect –
nervousness, interference
with communication.

18. (4)-Vibration:-
 Usually effect arm and
hand
 Injury to joint, elbow, and
shoulder.

19. (5)- Ionizing Radiation:-
Radio-active isotopes
are sensitive to e.g.
bone marrow.

20. (B)
Chemical Hazard

21. 1)- Local action:-
Occupational dermatitis,
eczema.
2)- Inhalation:-
- Dust -dust allergy-silicosis-
asbestosis-cancer-
- hay and dust in farmer
- Gases

22. What is type of hazard arise from
this occupation?

23. (c)
Biological
Hazard

24. Exposure to causative agent
e.g. Brucellosis, tetanus,
 Mechanical Hazard include
accident and injury.

25. (D)
Psychological
Hazard

26.  Poor human relationship,
Emotion tension, lack of job
satisfaction, Frustration and
insecurity which may in turn
may lead to Psychosocial and
Psychosomatic Hazard.

27. In Psychosocial changes:-
hostility, aggressiveness,
anxiety, depression, tiredness,
abuse, sickness and absenteeism.
In Psychosomatic changes:-
Fatigue, headache, pain in
(shoulder, neck and back), peptic
ulcer, hypertension, heart
diseases and rapid ageing

28. (E) Agricultural
Hazard

29.  Zoonotic diseases:-
Brucellosis.
 Accident:- Snake bite, insect
bite
 Physical Hazard:- Humidity
 Respiratory diseases:- e.g.
hay inhalation of wood.

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1. SKIN CANCERS
75% of skin cancers are
occupational
Main causes:
Tar
X-Rays
Oils and dyes

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2. LUNG CANCERS
10% of lung cancer are
occupational
It is a hazard in:
Gas industry.
Asbestos industry.
Radio-active substances (a
large number of industries
are using radioactive

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3. LEUKEMIA
Radioactive substances
Characteristics of Occupational
Leukemia:
Appear after a long exposure (10
-15 years)
The disease develop even after
cessation of exposure
The average age is earlier

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35. TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
DISORDERS
1. Injuries due to falls, cuts, abrasions
…..
2. Ergonomic Disorders (Muscular-
skeletal)
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Ergonomic disorders

37. ERGONOMICS
 Ergonomics: Adjustment of Man &
Machine”
 Ergo-friendly tools: Tools which
reduce the stresses or problems
resulting work
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38. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
1. Human factors:
 Inadequate visual or hearing
acuity
 Use of drugs and alcohol
 Carelessness
 Poor training
 Overconfidence
 Working hours
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39. CONT. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
2. Environmental factors:
Noise
Poor light
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40. Occupational
Health Nursing

41.  Formerly called industrial
nursing.
 Began late in the 19th century.
 Death hazard related to
working condition gave rise to a
new field of nursing practice.

42. DEF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING
is the application of nursing and
public health philosophy and
skills to the relationship of
people to their occupation for the
purpose of prevention of disease
and injury and the promotion of
optimal health , productivity and
social adjustments.

43. OHN
Responsibility

44.  Participate in a health
assessment program.
 Counsel workers regarding
personal and family health
problems.
 Advise on environmental
sanitation and safety.

45.  Work cooperatively with
many professional and non
professional people at the local
and state level.
 Compile individual records
for each employee.
 Evaluate Health program.

46. NURSING INTERVENTIONS AT THE WORK
SITE
Primary prevention
Health promotion
Prenatal care
Risk reduction
Immunizations
Injury prevention
Use of personal protective gear

47. 1. PERSONAL MEASURES
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• Masks
• Safety shoes
• Aprons
• Screens & safety
glasses
• Earplugs, Earmuffs
• Helmets

48. 2. ENGINEERING
1. Good housekeeping
2. Design of building
3. Mechanization
4. Substitution
5. Control of dust
6. Isolation
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49. NURSING INTERVENTIONS AT THE
WORKSITE
Secondary
Pre-employment screening
Periodic screening
Environmental screening

50. NURSING INTERVENTIONS AT THE
WORKSITE
Tertiary
Prevent the spread of communicable
diseases
Prevent complications of acute and
chronic illnesses
Assess fitness to return to work.

51. REFERENCE
2-COMMUNITY HEATH NURSING
3-BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING,
2ED EDITION, 2009, JAYPEE
1-PARK’S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL
MEDICINE

52. Any comment ?
Any question?