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2.  Monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic competition
to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods,
and the existence of a high monopoly price well above the firm's
marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit
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3.  A single entity that charges different prices, which are not
associated with the cost to provide the product or service, for its
products or services for different consumers.
 A discriminating monopoly, by using its monopolistic position,
can do this as long as there are differences in price elasticity of
demand between consumers or markets, and barriers to prevent
consumers from making an arbitrage profit by selling among
themselves.
 By catering to each type of customer the monopoly makes more
profit.
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4.  An example is an airline monopoly.
 Airlines frequently sell various seats at various prices based on
demand.
 When a new flight is scheduled, airlines tend to lower the price of
tickets to raise demand.
 After enough tickets are sold, ticket prices increase and the airline
tries to fill the remainder of the flight at the higher price.
 Finally, when the date of the flight gets closer, the airline will once
again decrease the price of the tickets to fill the remaining seats.
 From a cost perspective, the breakeven point of the flight is
unchanged and the airline changes the price of the flight to increase
and maximize profits.
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