3. PREFRABRICATION
• Prefabrication is the method of construction which includes assembling components of
a structure in a manufacturing or production site, transporting complete assemblies or partial
assemblies to the site where the structure is to be located.
• It is combination of good design with modern high performance components and quality controlled
manufacturing procedures.
• This procedure may
allow work to continue
despite poor weather
conditions and should
reduce any waste in
time and material at
the site.
4. STAGES OF PREFABRICATION
It is done in two stages
1. Manufacturing at factory condition and erection of
2. components at the required location.
• CASTING: Precast components are casted with
controlled cement concrete in moulds of required shape
and sizes. The vibrator is used to vibrate concrete and
this removes any honeycombing inside the components
• CURING :After 24 hours of casting, the casted
components are released from the mould and transported
to curing tanks. Certain special components like railway
sleepers where high strength is required are steam cured
• TRANSPORTATION AND ERECTION :After
complete curing is done the components are transported
to the site with heavy trucks and erection will be done
using cranes with skilled labour force
6. Prefab Building Components
Columns
Beams
Flooring/roofing
Methods of connecting beams
and columns
•A pre casting concrete haunch is cast on
to the column with a locating dowel or
stud bolt to fix the beam.
•A projecting metal corbel is fixed to the
column and the beam is bolted to the
corbel.
•Column and beam reinforcement,
generally in the form of hooks, are left
exposed. The two members are hooked
together and covered with in situ concrete
to complete the joint. This is as shown in
the figure.
7. ADVANTAGES:
1.Saving in cost, material, time & manpower.
2.Shuttering and scaffolding is not necessary.
3.Installation of building services and finishes can be
done immediately.
4.Independent of weather condition.
5.Components produced at close supervision .so quality
is good
6.Clean and dry work at site.
7. Possibility of alterations and reuse
8.Correct shape and dimensions and sharp edges are
maintained.
9.Very thin sections can be entirely precast with
precision. •Handling and transportation may cause breakages of
members during the transit and extra provision is to be
made.
•Difficulty in connecting precast units so as to produce
same effect as monolithic. This leads to non-monolithic
construction.
•They are to be exactly placed in position, otherwise the
loads coming on them are likely to get changed and the
member may be affected.
DISADVANTAGES:
8. MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
Modular construction is a
process in which a building is
constructed off-site, under
controlled plant conditions,
using the same materials and
designing to the same codes and
standards as conventionally built
facilities – but in about half the
time. Buildings are produced in
“modules” that when put
together on site, reflect the
identical design intent and
specifications of the most
sophisticated site-built facility –
without compromise.
9. • Greater Flexibility and Reuse
• Less Material Waste
• Elimination of Weather Delays
• Built to Code with Quality Materials ( wood, concrete and steel)
• Safer Construction
• Limitless Design Opportunities
10. NEW MATERIALS
1. POLLUTION ABSORBING BRICKS
In the center is a cyclone filtration system that separates out the heavy air particles from
the air and collects them in a removable hopper.
It basically functions as a vacuum and can be incorporated into a wall with a window or as
part of a cooling system, meaning that it can easily be integrated into current construction.
2. SELF-HEALING CONCRETE
The process involves exposes the concrete to heat in order to cause the material to melt
and reform as it cools down.
While there are significant benefits to a self-healing concrete, its effectiveness would be
limited by the ability to apply heat to it.
3.This cement generates its own light: As a response to new construction
models, Dr. José Carlos Rubio Ávalos of the UMSNH of Morelia, has developed a cement with
the capacity to absorb and irradiate light energy, in order to provide concrete with more
functionality and versatility from an energy efficiency standpoint.
11. EQUIPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
• There are several equipment that is been used in the Construction Industry.
These are used for both large and small scale purposes. Various types of
Equipment are been used for Building & structural Construction, Road
construction, underwater and other marine construction work Power projects
etc. There are various operations that are involved in construction projects ,
whether it’s a large scale or a small scale; Excavation and digging of large
quantities of earth, Placement of construction materials (eg:-Bricks, concrete)
Compacting and leveling, Dozing, Grading, Hauling etc…
• The main classification based on purpose of the equipment are :
1. Earth moving equipment
2. Construction vehicle
3. Material handling equipment
4. Construction equipment
19. • It’s not just the methods and materials used to construct a
building that affects the environment. How it’s built to operate
has a huge impact as well.
• For example, using non-sustainable materials in the construction
of the building has a temporary negative effect. The use of a non-
efficient HVAC system will have a negative effect on the
environment that’s long-term. The following are some of the
major ways that building construction can hurt the environment,
both in the short- and long-term
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ON BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
20. ENERGY USE
• Buildings account for an average of 41% of the world’s energy use. The two other biggest energy
consumers don’t even come close.
• Part of this is due to the huge amount of electricity that buildings tend to use. In the United States,
buildings are responsible for 73% of the country’s electricity consumption.
22. WATER USE
Buildings are responsible for not just a
large percentage of the world’s water
use, but a large percentage of wasted
water as well. It’s estimated that
buildings use 13.6% of all potable
water, which is roughly 15 trillion
gallons of water per year. (one gallon =
3.7 lit)
23. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
• The materials used in building construction also
have a serious impact on the environment. First of
all, many of the materials used in the construction
of buildings are produced in a non-sustainable way.
The factories that make the materials produce
damaging CO2 emissions.
• Then there’s the issue of transportation. Materials
that are not produced locally are often shipped from
across the country or even from overseas. The
transportation required for shipping these materials
has a considerable impact on air quality.
• There is a huge environmental impact associated
with the extraction and consumption of raw
materials for the use of building materials. Not to
mention the actual production of those materials in
their final form. According to the USGBC, 40% of the
world’s raw materials are used in the construction
of buildings.
24. WASTE FROM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND
DEMOLISION
• The destruction and renovation of buildings
result in a large amount of waste.
Building waste often includes concrete,
metals, glass, plastics, wood, asphalt,
bricks and more. This waste is often
disposed of in either landfills or
incinerators. Not only does this pollute the
land and the air, but the transportation
required to remove such waste has a major
impact on the environment as well.
• According to the Environmental Protection
Agency, there were already over 170 million
tons of debris generated in the construction
and demolition of buildings in the U.S.
alone in 2003. 61 percent of which were
produced by nonresidential buildings.
