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Sell dr. stephan
1.
ANTI-ICING COATINGS AND
DE-ICING TECHNICAL APPROACHES AND STATUS Dr. Stephan Sell Dipl. Bio. Nadine Rehfeld, Dipl. Chem. Ing. (FH) Alexej Kreider, B. Sc. Andreas Stake, Mathias Widrat, Volker Föste, Dr. Volkmar Stenzel Fraunhofer IFAM, Germany Prepared for Winterwind Östersund, 12th February 2013 Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
2.
Content • Introduction: General
anti-ice aspects • Evaluation of anti-ice coatings at Fraunhofer IFAM • Ice formation tests • Ice adhesion tests • Tests under real conditions • Development of Anti-ice and De-Icing coatings technologies at Fraunhofer IFAM • Active coating concepts • Passive coating concepts • Electrically heated coating concepts • Outlook Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
3.
General anti-ice aspects Anti-ice
and de-icing coating concepts are relevant for varying technical fields: Means of transportation (aircrafts, cars, trains and ships) Wind energy plants, Solar energy plants, Source Vestergaard Heat exchangers Effective Anti-ice and de-icing coatings help to • reduce costs and energy consumption • enhance product value • improve performance of technical goods • contribute to safety concerns Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
4.
General anti-ice aspects
Determining factors for the development of effective anti-ice coatings: Icing conditions for the specific Further technical requirements on technical application the coating e.g. Aeronautical Applications, e.g. Rain, Sand, and Automotive Industry, Ice Particle Erosion, Wind energy plants anti-soiling (insect debris) lead to Tailor-made coatings for respective technical application To achieve this you will need: Ice test facilities • taking into account relevant icing conditions, • that are able to discriminate between new designed coatings regarding ice prevention or reduction, • cover a broad range of ice tests to avoid misinterpretation Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
5.
IFAM ground ice-tests
facilities (and access to testing) IFAM ice chamber Ice adhesion tests tests under real contitions ice rain, rime and runback-ice tests Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
6.
Ice formation tests IFAM
ice chamber for evaluation of anti-ice coatings: Maximum wind speed of 45 m/sec Rain application via nozzle Visual inspection via web cam Air temperatures down to -10°C Substrate temperatures down to -40°C Relative humidity down to 60% at -10°C Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
7.
Ice formation tests
Conventional approach for anti-icing: Hydrophobicity IFAM ice chamber tests: standard test scenarios Ice rain test: Rime test: Simulates run-off Simulates the behaviour of water formation of rime and subsequent formation of clear ice Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
8.
Ice formation tests
Rime test Ice rain test Simulates formation Simulates run-off behaviour of water of rime and subsequent formation of clear ice Test conditions +1°C Air temperature -5°C -2°C Substrate temperature down to -5°C 88% Relative humidity 66% 9 m/sec Wind speed 9 m/sec / Rain duration 10 seconds rime thickness Assessment visual inspection 10 min and adhesion after raining Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
9.
Ice adhesion tests
• Pendulum test: • Centrifuge test: • ice cubes on test surface are knocked • ice on test surfaces are off by a pendulum removed by centrifugal force • reduced energy of the pendulum is • piezo electric cells detect the correlated to the adhesive strength of the impact of the detached ice clear ice, measured as angle of the layers pendulum amplitude Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
10.
Ice adhesion testing:
extract of results of rotor copter test → Up to now anti-ice coatings (2K PUR , Plasma) could be observed with low shear stress In comparison to Aluminium (Reference) Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
11.
Tests under real
conditions Long-term ice tests on the Mt. Brocken (height: 1141,1m) Results • up to now all surfaces with ice formations under these harsh conditions • ice adherence differs, depending on material Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
12.
Anti-ice coating concepts Fraunhofer
IFAM works on concepts prevent or reduce Active methods ice formations Thermal (Anti-ice) Chemical Biochemical with emphasis on Mechanical highlighted methods: Passive methods Ice adhesion reduction reduce ice Change of wetting adhesion behaviour (improved De-icing) Combination of thermal and passive methods could reduced energy consumption up to 80% Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
13.
Development and Evaluation
of anti-ice functional surfaces and coating concepts Generell technological approaches for Anti-ice coatings work at IFAM micro/nano-structured coatings (via particel) inorganic organic passive coating concepts Sol-Gel coatings hydrophile / hydrophobe (hydrophobe) coatings interfacial structuring (UV-process, photolithography ) Performance Availability Applicability Requirements Selection of appropriate technologies Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
14.
Active coating concepts Chemical
approach Further efforts are made within a BMBF funded project “New functional and biomimetical surfaces for the reduction of ice formation” 01RI0710B in cooperation with “´Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.” Ice Ih Polymer chains In this project, a polymer route was investigated Coblock polymers (PEG, - NHR) in the polymer matrix and one -> Paint formulation route (2 K PUR, Sol-gel, UV curable coatings) and their influence on the anti-ice determines properties. -> Master thesis by Tobias Ehlers: Subject of UV curable transparent coatings for PMMA Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
15.
Ice grade Table Ice
grade/ 0/ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ Description Ice-free Nearly ice-free Isolated ice Moderate ice Enhanced ice Extensive and (Pictures show Only a few, Droplets formation Formation (nearly) sample relatively small Small to Ice droplets Most part of complete surfaces water droplets medium sized relatively surface ice coverage, before on droplets – evenly is covered by respectively. sprinkling) the surface. most part of distributed, ice. surface but also is ice-free. ice free areas present. Photo 10 min after rain ice formation Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
16.
Investigations on the
influence of key parameters on the icing behaviour of transparent nano composite coatings for plastic surfaces (PMMA): Optimal balance of hydrophobicity, low surface energy and transparent scrach resistent surface were achieved with Perfluorpolyether (PFPE) and amorphous Silicate-nano (SiO2) particel modified coatings Parameter Unmodified PMMA Passive transparent anti-ice coating Water contact angle [°] 80 115 Surface energy σ [mN/m] 42.0 (σd =38.0; σp =3.4) 11.2 (σd =10.6; σp =0.4) Pictures of the Clear ice test (left) and Rime ice test (right) Description of results Clear Ice formation after 10 min Reduced ice formation due to Clear ice formation at -5°C Ice grade 4 improved water run-off Ice grade 2 Description of results Rime Ice formation after 20 min Rime Ice formation after 20 min Rime ice formation at -5 °C Rime thickness 1000 µm at -5 °C Rime thickness 400 µm Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
17.
Active coating concepts Biochemical
(biomimetic) approach Work performed by Fraunhofer IFAM: • relevant protein sequences were synthesized via Merrifield synthesis techniques • most promising strategy identified: covalent linkage with use of additional linker molecules • First promising results with reduced rime ice formation in ice chamber tests: Temperature sensor AFP-coating with a layer of ice of 425 +/- 25 µm Coating film without AFP thickness with a layer of ice of 525 +/-25 µm thickness Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
18.
Passive coating concepts Ice
adhesion reduction and wetting minimisation Key parameters to be considered: Types of bonding Hydrophobic character • Electrostatic • (super) hydrophobic Interactions coatings with reduced wetting • hydrogen bonding behavior • Van-der-Waals Passive • reduced clear ice interactions Anti-ice technologies Surface roughness • influences hydrophobicity e.g. Lotus effect • influence ice adhesion Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
19.
Passive coating concepts Investigations
on the influence of key parameters on the icing behaviour of surfaces: • Optimal balance of hydrophobicity, roughness and available bonding types at the surface were achieved with Fluor- and silicone- modified coatings Parameter Unmodified top coat Passive anti-ice coating Water contact angle [°] 82 124 Roughness Ra [µm] 0.17 (±0.01) 0.64 (±0.07) Pictures of the ice rain test Description of result Ice formation after rain at -5°C • Reduced ice formation due to improved water run-off • Ice adhesion reduced Limitation Rime ice accretion is not reduced Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
20.
Technical demands on
the coating „JTI project Clean Sky“ IFAM approaches for NLF-Zone coatings: Hydrophobic Organic Topcoat (2C PUR) NLF-Zone behind the wing leading edge, Prevention of Runback Ice easy-to-clean properties Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic structured Topcoat (UV Curing) NLF Zone behind the wing leading edge, Prevention of Runback Ice and rime easy-to-clean properties United states NAVI trainings film Ice Formation On Aircraft (1961) Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
21.
Description of the
work on anti-icing and surfaces IFAM ice chamber for evaluation of anti-ice coatings: runback ice behaviour Laser sinter process for the aerodynamic wing design (NACA 0020) Fraunhofer IFAM Fraunhofer IFAM Fraunhofer IFAM Runback ice formation Development of test design with wing profile to • wind speed of 30 m/sec • relative humidity 66% at -5 C simulate ice accretion on leading edge and • warming in Front +20 C and cooling behind the leading edge subsequent melting of ice, including runback ice (-30 C) 20 min formation • application of water nozzles 1 min Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
22.
Investigation in electrically
heated coatings Carbo e-Therm (Future Carbon) on curved surfaces (e.g. Alu) Electrically heated coating for use in the nonhazardous low-voltage range (e.g. 12/24V). Carbo e-Therm is suitable for temperatures up to approx. 160°C. Its using carbon nanotubes and graphite, a thin layer of electrically conductive material. Fraunhofer IFAM Fraunhofer IFAM Melting the ice (Left: Infrared camera Right: live picture). Spray applicability to curved geometries and surfaces. Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
23.
Passive heatable functional
surfaces heatable coatings (de-icing) in combination with chemical approaches (anti-icing) International project (EU) JEDI ACE Investigation in heating coatings max. wind speed 45 m/s 1.) rain ice formation 2.) active heating Targests: • Improved aircraft safety • reduced energy consumption Resistance Time de-icing Type of coating / heating layer [Ω] -10 C-> 5 C [sec] Al 2024 3.5 Carbo e-Therm 5 Plated with coatable foil Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
24.
Conclusion - Icing tests
covering different icing scenarios are available - Tests for measuring ice-adhesion and rime-adhesion are available - Analytical methods for the assessment of icing parameters are investigated - Different approaches for the development of effective anti-icing and de-icing coatings are under investigation including: • Hydrophobic coatings for ice-rain protection • Heatable coatings in combination with hydrophobic coatings Our next steps are: • further research on the development of new coating concepts • use of available knowledge to the needs of specific technical applications • studies on further scientific background regarding icing processes • further development of test methods to assure best prediction models Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
25.
Acknowledgement The authors wish
to thank: • The European Regional Development Fond and the Federal State of Bremen for the financial support of investigations regarding ice-formation and coating concepts (Innovationscluster MultiMat) • The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research for the financial support of investigations regarding BMBF project: “Biomimetic antifreeze peptide-functionalized surfaces based paints (AFP paint II)” - Subproject: synthesis and production of bio-functionalized surfaces 13N9788 and the Bergolin GmbH for the fruitful cooperation • The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research for the financial support of investigations regarding BMBF project: “New functional and biomimetical surfaces for the reduction of ice formation” 01RI0710B and the Institute for Polymer Research (IPF) Dresden, Nanotech Coatings, HYGREX for the fruitful cooperation • Michael Hoffmann, Peter Schiffels, Ingo Grunwald, Alexej Kreider, Alexander Zilke, Andrej Stake, Mathias Widrat, Beeke Gildehaus, Andreas Brinkmann and Nadine Rehfeld from IFAM, Bremen for the investigations and measurements Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
26.
Thank you!
Paint Technology Fraunhofer Institute IFAM Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces Dr. Stephan Sell Wienerstraße 12 28359 Bremen Tel: +49 421 2246-673 Fax: +49 421 2246-430 Email: Stephan.Sell@ifam.fraunhofer.de Klebtechnik und Oberflächen © Fraunhofer IFAM
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