Quantitative research methodology and survey design
Viral evolution, some economic approaches
5. ... “the phenomenon of constructing, destroying, or altering one’s
environment and thus changing the selection pressures exerted by that
environment.”
Boni and Feldman, 2005
6. Populations of
t Et Natural selection
Gene diverse
pool phenotypes
Genetic inheritance
time
Populations of
Gene
t+1 Et+1 Natural selection pool
diverse
phenotypes
7. Niche construction Populations of
t Et Natural selection
Gene diverse
pool phenotypes
Ecological inheritance
Genetic inheritance
time
Niche construction Populations of
Gene
t+1 Et+1 Natural selection pool
diverse
phenotypes
13. Why manipulate the host so dramatically?
How do such manipulations arise?
How do niche effects outside the host affect the virus?
15. Baculoviruses
Nucleopolyhedrovirus the point where they are unrecognisable or whe
(NPV) have lost the genes entirely. There is some data to
MNPV that the hymenopteran viruses may not spread be
midgut, in which case a budded virus (BV) form m
necessary (Duffy et al., 2006). The type specie
Gammabaculoviridae is Neodiprion lecontei nucle
drovirus (NeleNPV).
Occlusion
Virions Only one member of the genus deltabaculovirus
body
sequenced to date. Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhe
Granulovirus (CuniNPV) infects mosquitoes, a member of the D
(GV) produces both BV (containing F protein) and O
matrix protein shows no apparent homology to po
SNPV
or granulin and may represent a new family of o
proteins (Perera et al., 2006).
Most baculoviruses are species- or genus-spec
are named after the insect that they infect. A
Figure 1 Occluded virions. Baculovirus genera are based on the structures
of occluded virus, polyhedral shaped for nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) with
exception to this rule is AcMNPV, which can infec
many enveloped nucleocapsids or smaller ovoid occlusions with a single 32 different lepidopteran insects from 12 families
nucleocapsid for granulovirus (GV). NPVs may contain multiple
nucleocapsids (MNPV) or single nucleocapsids (SNPV). Guarino, 2011
37. Granulovirus Morphs
Type I
•Infect only midgut and fat bodies.
•Kill slowly, little or no liquefaction.
Type II
•Infect multiple tissues.
•Kill more quickly, liquefy the host.
44. (Holmes, 2008)
6
Some RN
number
rates of
Genome size (log(Kb))
5 of these
Phylogen
SFVs is l
This wid
4
tion to b
fossil rec
site/year
3 among S
0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 indicatin
Mutation rate (log(mutation per site per genome replication)) mechani
+ssRNA –ssRNA Retro dsRNA dsDNA ssDNA
likely exp
in SFV i
Figure 1 | Average rates of spontaneous mutation in viruses, adjusted to the rate per primaril
genome replication. Positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses (+ssRNA; RNA phage
48. bt Z T ✓ b(1+ )(T ⌧)
◆
¯= c(e 1) (1 + s)(e
R +c f (⌧ ; ↵U, b)
b 0 b(1 + )
b(T ⌧)
e 1
)d⌧
b
49. Downloaded from rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org on Feb
Life history
A determin
virulence threshold, D host dies with the follow
dV
¼ ð1 À a Þð
^
clearance by immune system
dt
log(viral load) b* dW
¼ ð1 À a Þd
^
dt
À vW;
dX ^
¼ a ð1 À d Þ
^
dt
À vX;
dY ^ bu eÀ
infection
¼ ad
^
dt
duration, T
^
þ d ð1 þ
time (t)
Figure 1. The relationship between virulence, clearance by the immune
du
system and the duration of infection. Five examples of viral trajectories are and ¼ Àb