4TN- HIST- Human evolution & The Big Bang theory

1. Course: 4th Tennessee
Members: Alonso Javier, Alume
Alejandra, Campodonico Alberto,
Celleri Victor, Chang Wen Fang,
Ng Lin Hely, Moreno Ana Paula,
Verduga Galo, Villacreces
Estefano, Zea Joan, Zhuang Joel.

3. Human evolution is
the evolutionary
process leading up to the
appearance of modern
humans. While it began
with the last common
ancestor of all life, the
topic usually covers only
the evolutionary history
of primates, in particular
the genus Homo, and the
emergence of Homo
sapiens as a distinct
species of hominids.

4. Genetic studies show
that primates diverged
from other mammals
about 85 million years
ago in
the Late Cretaceous peri
od. The gorilla and
chimpanzee diverged
around 4-6 million years
ago, and either
Sahelanthropus or
Orrorin may be our last
shared ancestor with
them.

5. Australopithecus is an
extinct genus of
hominids.
The Australopithecus
genus evolved in
eastern Africa around
four million years ago
and eventually
becoming extinct two
million years ago.

6. Australopithecus
anamensis, Australopithecus
afarensis and Australopithecus
africanus are among the most
famous of the extinct
hominins. A. africanus were
once regarded as ancestral to
the genus Homo (in
particular Homo erectus).
Fossils assigned to the
genus Homo have been found
that are older than A. africanus.

7. Homo habilis lived from
approximately 2.33 to
1.44 million years ago,
during
the Gelasian Pleistocene
period. H. habilis is the
least similar to modern
humans of all species in
the genus Homo.

8. H. habilis was short and
had disproportionately
long arms compared to
modern humans, it had a
less protruding face than
the australopithecines.
Homo habilis has often
been thought to be the
ancestor of the
more gracile and
sophisticated Homo
ergaster, which in turn
gave rise to the more
human-appearing
species, Homo erectus.

9. Homo erectus originated
in Africa and spread as far
as Georgia, India, Sri
Lanka, China and Java.
Homo erectus used more
diverse and
sophisticated stone
tools than its
predecessors. In addition,
it has been suggested
that H. erectus may have
been the first hominid to
use rafts to travel over
oceans.

10. There are also evidence of
control of fire by Homo
erectus. But that doesn’t
mean that Homo
erectus cooked their food.
Also many scientists think
that Homo erectus was
probably the first hominid
to live in a hunter-
gatherer society.

11. Homo sapiens are
the scientific name for
the human species and is the
only surviving species of the
genus Homo. Modern
humans are the
subspecies Homo sapiens
sapiens, which differentiates
them from what has been
argued to be their direct
ancestor, Homo sapiens
idaltu.

12. Modern humans first appear in the fossil record in Africa
about 195,000 years ago, and studies of molecular biology
give evidence that the approximate time of divergence from
the common ancestor of all modern human populations was
200,000 years ago.

14. The Big Bang theory is the
prevailing cosmological model
for the early development of the
universe. The key idea is that
the universe is expanding and
was denser and hotter in the
past. The Big Bang model
suggests that at some moment
all matter in the universe was
contained in a single point,
which is considered the
beginning of the universe.

15.  Modern measurements place
this moment at approximately
13.82 billion years ago.
 The formation of subatomic
particles, including protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
 The majority of atoms produced
by the Big Bang are hydrogen,
helium and traces of lithium.
 Giant clouds of these primordial
elements later coalesced through
gravity to form stars and galaxies.

16. The observable universe
consists of the galaxies and
other matter that can be
observed from Earth in the
present day because of the
light and other signals.
Assuming the universe is
isotropic, the distance to the
edge of the observable
universe is roughly the same
in every direction.

17. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal
radiation assumed to be left over from the "Big Bang" of
cosmology. The CMB is also known as cosmic microwave
background radiation (CMBR) or "relic radiation."
The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is
fundamental to observational cosmology because it is
the oldest light in the universe.

18. With a traditional optical
telescope, the space between
stars and galaxies (the
background) is completely
dark. However, a sufficiently
sensitive radio telescope
shows a faint background
glow, almost exactly the same
in all directions, that is not
associated with any star,
galaxy, or other object. This
glow is strongest in the
microwave region of the radio
spectrum.

19.  Region of spacetime from
which gravity prevents
anything, including light.
 A sufficiently compact
mass will deform spacetime
to form a black hole.
 Around a black hole, there
is a mathematically defined
surface called an event
horizon that marks the point
of no return.

20. Quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that
event horizons emit radiation like a black body with a
finite temperature. This temperature is inversely
proportional to the mass of the black hole, making it
difficult to observe this radiation for black holes of stellar
mass or greater.

21.  The increase of the distance between two distant parts
of the universe with time.
 A property of the entirety of the universe rather than
a phenomenon that can be contained and observed
from the outside.
 Metric expansion is a key feature of Big Bang
cosmology, and is a generic property of the universe we
inhabit.

22. The only galaxies receding from one another as a result of
metric expansion are those separated by cosmologically
relevant scales larger than the length scales associated with
the gravitational collapse that are possible in the age of the
Universe given the matter density and average expansion
rate.

23. The ultimate fate of
the universe is a topic
in physical cosmology.
Many possible fates
are predicted by rival
scientific theories,
including futures of
both finite and infinite
duration.

24. The ultimate fate of the universe became a valid cosmological
question, one depending upon the physical properties of the
mass/energy in the universe, its average density, and the rate
of expansion.

25. The universe is flat
and will continue
to expand forever.
The ultimate fate
of the universe is
dependent on the
shape of the
universe and what
role dark energy
will play as the
universe ages.