1. Unit 2:
Revolutions
We will be studying five revolutions.
1. English Civil War 1642
2. American Revolution 1776
3. French Revolution 1789
4. Russian Revolution 1917
5. Chinese Civil War 1911
Create a timeline with these revolutions.
2. General Concepts
What is the difference between personal
identity and national identity?
What is a revolution?
8. 3 stages to the English Civil War
1 English Civil War
2 Restoration
3 Glorious Revolution
9. Henry VII
Arthur Henry VIII Margaret Mary
Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI James V
"Bloody Mary" King of
Scotland
Mary Stuart
Queen of
Scotland
James I
Charles I
Civil War
Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II James II
"Merry Monarch"
10. Reasons for the English Civil War
James I disagreed with Parliament.
What kinds of things do you think they
would disagree about?
11. Problems between the
King and Parliament
Authority—James I believed
in divine right and absolutism;
Parliament felt king should be
limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask
Parliament for money to
finance government and
life style
12. Problems between the
King and Parliament
Religion—The church of England
was the Anglican Church. Many
English wanted all Catholic rituals
removed;
James I arranged a marriage
of his son (Charles) to a a
Catholic princess.
13. What is Parliament?
A group representing the citizens of a
country.
A group that meets to discuss laws and
other public issues.
14. Reasons for the English Civil War
Majorproblems between Parliament &
King over issues of
–Authority
–Money
–Religion
15. Vocabulary Quiz:
What is divine right?
A. King has power to rule from people.
B. King has the power to rule from Congress.
C. King has power to rule from Parliament.
D. King has power to rule from God.
16. Does it matter what religion the
King has?
Whymight the English be afraid of the
Catholic religion?
Whatmight happen if the next king is
Catholic?
17. Charles I Comes to Power
James I died in 1625, & his son
Charles I became king
Charles was ―worse‖ than
James:
–Charles believed in divine
right & absolute monarchy;
refused to discuss ideas with
Parliament—only called
Parliament when he needed money
18. Petition of Rights
Parliament got fed up with Charles I &
refused to give him money unless
signed Petition of Rights in 1628:
–King could not jail people
without a good reason
–King could not make taxes
without Parliament's approval
–King could not keep his soldiers in
peoples’ homes & could not use army
to maintain order during peacetime
19. Civil War
CharlesI was really mad at
Parliament & refused to call another
Parliament for 11 years.
Conflictbetween supporters
of King (Royalists) &
Parliament grew so bad that
a civil war was inevitable
20. Henry VII
Arthur Henry VIII Margaret Mary
Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI James V
"Bloody Mary" King of
Scotland
Mary Stuart
Queen of
Scotland
James I
Charles I
Civil War
Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II James II
"Merry Monarch"
21. Civil War
War between Royalists vs
Roundheads (supporters of
Parliament) lasted for 5 years
The leader of the Roundheads
was Oliver Cromwell.
Roundheads won & beheaded the
king.
22.
23. Opinion Poll:
Do you think the Charles I should
have been executed?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree
Why?
24. After the Civil War
England had a government with
no king & ruled by Parliament
Oliver Cromwell led England, but
not by democracy—
He became a dictator!
25. After the Civil War
Cromwell forced strict religious rules
on people of England:
Illegal to wear makeup
Illegal to go see sports
―merrymaking‖ &
―amusement‖ were illegal
Citizenshated living this way & began
to want to bring back a king again
27. The Restoration (1660)
After Cromwell died, there
was no one to replace him.
This is always a challenge
for governments.
Who will rule?
How will we decide?
28. The Restoration (1660)
Restoration means to put
back in place.
England removed the
monarchy in 1649.
England restored the
monarchy in 1660.
29. Restoration
People wanted a king again
1660, Charles II became King
Called the ―Merry Monarch‖
because he brought back
theatres, sporting events and
dancing
AND he got along with
Parliament!!
30. What do you think Charles II did
to get along with Parliament?
34. Benefits of the Restoration
Parliament created a
Constitutional Monarchy based on
two documents:
–the Magna Carta limited the power
of the King.
–the Petition of Right guaranteed
rights of the people
35. Problems of the Restoration:
Charles II needed more
money than Parliament was
willing to give.
He made an agreement with
Louis XIV of France to
convert to Catholicism in
exchange for money
36. Problems of the Restoration:
Who will be the next king?
CharlesII had no children;
when he dies, his Catholic
brother will be king.
Whyis Parliament afraid of a
Catholic king?
38. Glorious Revolution
Reasons for the revolution:
James II ignored Parliament’s religious laws,
and appointed Catholics to government
positions.
Parliament was worried the throne would go
to James II son (another Catholic).
Parliament encouraged William of Orange
(ruler of the Netherlands) to invade and take
over.
39. Glorious Revolution (Cont)
James II fled to France when he
realized he had little support from
England.
This peaceful transfer of power was
called the Glorious Revolution.
Why was it considered peaceful?
40. William and Mary
William and Mary swore an oath that
they would govern the people of
England.
Parliament passed the Bill of Rights of
1689.
– This made it clear that Parliament was in
control.
41. What is a constitutional monarchy?
A. Form of government in which monarch’s
power is limited by the constitution.
B. Form of government in which monarch’s
power is unlimited by the constitution.
C. Form of government where Parliament is
in control.
D. Form of government where Parliament is
not in control.
42. What is habeas corpus?
A. People have to be tried.
B. People cannot be held in prison
w/o just cause or w/o a trial.
C. People need to be read their
Miranda rights.
D. People have to have an attorney
present at trial.
44. England and Imperialism
England had the best Navy in the world
England bought and sold items from
around the world
England set up colonies to help the
English buy and sell MORE.
The United States began as 13 English
colonies.
45. Reasons for Revolution
The Navigation Act
of 1651
English colonies
couldn’t sell anything
to anyone other than
Britain.
46. Reasons for Revolution
The French and Indian War
1754 -The French want to take colonies
away from the English in North America
Indian tribes
helped fight on
both sides.
48. Reasons for Revolution
Stamp Act of 1765
Colonists must pay for
the French and Indian
War‖
Everything printed
needed to pay an extra
tax to Britain.
50. Enlightenment Ideas
What are some ideas from the
Enlightenment that influenced
revolutions?
Use your textbook page 198 to
fill in the chart.
The Idea Who came up with it?
51. Declaration of Independence
1776 GO AWAY!!!
The 13 English
colonies in North
America declare
their independence
from Britain.
52. Reasons for the Success of the
American Revolution
1. Americans were more motivated than
the British.
2. British generals were overconfident
and made mistakes.
3. It was more expensive for Britain to
fight overseas.
4. France helped Americans fight Britain.
61. Estates Populations
1st Estate
– 1% of pop.
– Most power!
2nd Estate
– 2% of pop.
– Power
3rd Estate
– 97% of pop.
– powerless
62. Causes of the French Revolution
Poor economy and national debt
Royal absolutism
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Liberty, equality,
brotherhood
63. Causes of the French Revolution
Enlightenment ideals
Food scarcity (Hunger!)
High unemployment
Noble privilege
Religious intolerance
Most of all:
The failure of Louis XVI
to fix these problems
65. National Assembly
Estates-General always favored the
clergy and nobles.
The Third Estate proposed equal votes per
person.
This would better represent more people.
The proposal was denied by the King.
The Third Estate created the National
Assembly on its own.
66. National Assembly
Radicals
– Change a lot. More freedom for the people.
Moderates
– Change a little. More freedom, but not too
much.
Conservatives
– What was wrong with the monarchy? Let’s
not change things.
68. Tennis Court Oath
Remain until constitution was written.
signed by 577 people
Why is it important?
Assertion that sovereignty of the people
did not reside in the King, but in the
people themselves and their
representatives.
69. Great Fear
Rumors
spread
Peasants
feared nobles
Peasants
became
outlaws
71. What is Bastille Day?
July 14 holiday
observed in France
What was the Bastille?
Why was it stormed?
Why do we care?
Look at page 220
72. National Assembly Reforms
A State Controlled Church
National Assembly seizes
church lands, turns clergy into
public officials
This action alarms many
peasants, who are devout
Catholics
74. Louis Tries to Escape
Louis XVI, worried about his
future, attempts to escape
France
Revolutionaries catch the
royal family near
Netherlands border
75. émigré
Emigrant
– Someone who travels out of a country
Immigrant
– Someone who travels into a country
Émigré
– Someone who traveled out of France to
escape the French Revolution.
– Who would do this? Why?
76. sans-culotte
Sans
– Means ―without‖
culottes
– Means knee-length shorts
A skirt is not culottes.
77. sans-culotte
Sans
– Means ―without‖
culottes
– Means knee-
length shorts
These are culottes.
78. sans-culotte
Sans-culottes
– These were the
members of the
3rd Estate
79. Divisions and Disagreement
Major problems, including
debt, food shortages
remain
National Assembly splits
into Radicals, Moderates,
Conservatives
81. Declaration of Pillnitz 1791
Austrian and Prussians
want Louis XVI back in
Why?
charge of France
Declaration of Pillnitz, by
Austria and Prussia
82. Declaration of Pillnitz 1791
Called on other countries to step in and
protect the monarchy of Louis XVI.
Austria and Prussia do not want a
strong France, but they also do not want
a revolutionary fever to spread through
Europe.
It was a threat to preserve the system
of monarchy, but NOT a declaration of
war on France.
84. France felt threatened.
France declared war on
Austria and Prussia.
85. France at War
Prussiastarts to win the war
French mob jails Louis XVI
86. France At War continued
Pressured by mob, Legislative
Assembly deposes the king and
then dissolves
National Convention takes
office in September, forming
French Republic
87. France beheads Louis XVI
1793
No longer
king.
Called him
just Citizen
Louis Capet
88. France still at war
1793, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain
join Austria and Prussia in war against
France.
Jacobins begin military draft
Who were the Jacobins?
89. Jacobin
member of a
radical society
revolutionaries
that promoted
Reign of Terror
90. Jacobins
the Jacobin
Club launched
the Reign of
Terror in 1793,
beheading
royalists and
counter-
revolutionaries
by the tens of
thousands.
92. French Republican calendar
1793-1805
An effort to change everything
– Work, worship
– Ten-day week
– New month names
– New years, starting from 1
– Tuesday, November 30, of year 2010 =
• Decadi, Frimaire 10, of year 219
94. The War Continues
French army wins great victory
against Prussians and
Austrians
In 1793 Britain, Spain, Holland
join forces against France
National Convention orders
draft of 300,000 to reinforce
96. Robespierre Assumes Control
Maximilien Robespierre-Jacobin
leader rules France for a year
Becomes leader of the
Committee for Public Safety, a
dictator
Does this sound familiar? How?
97.
98. Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror-Robespierre’s
rule, which includes killing many
opponents
Thousands die during the Terror,
including former allies
85% of those who die during the
terror are middle or lower class
99. Reign of Terror
1793 – 1794
After the death
of Louis XVI
Instead of a
democracy, it
was a war
dictatorship
Committee of
Public Safety
102. Thermidorean Reaction:
End of the Terror
In
Thermidor (July) 1794,
Robespierre was arrested and
executed by guillotine.
The Reign of Terror results
in public opinion shifting
away from radicals
104. End of the Terror continued
Moderate leaders write new
constitution
–Moderate = middle
–a little bit of change is ok.
Moderate
Change Change
EVERYTHING! NOTHING!
105. Napoleon’s Rise to Power
1. Born in Corsica
2. Military School
3. Joins Army
4. 1795 Stunning Victories
5. 1799 Coup d’Etat
6. Napoleonic Code
7. 1804 Crowns himself emperor
107. Napoleon’s Fall from Power
1. Loss of St. Domingue (Haiti) (1801)
2. Loss of the Louisiana Territory (1803)
3. Continental System (1806)
4. Peninsular War (1808)
5. Invasion of Russia (1812)
6. Defeated, exiled to Elba (1814)
7. Defeated at Waterloo (1815)
108. Loss of American Territories
In 1801, Napoleon attempts to
retake colony of Saint
Dominigue but fails
Gives up on the Americas and
concentrates on Europe
In 1803, Sells the Louisiana
Territory to U.S. for $15 million.
111. The Battle of Trafalgar
1805, British win Battle of
Trafalgar
Napoleon to gives up plan of
invading Britain
Looks for another way to
control Britain
112.
113. Continental System
Napoleon blockades the British
– forced closing of ports
Continental System used to
strengthen Europe and weaken
Britain
118. Peninsular war
Napoleon send troops across
Spain to attack Portugal,
Spanish protest
Napoleon appoints his brother
King of Spain, angering people
119. Spanish fight as guerrillas –
small groups that attack and
then disappear
British aid the Spanish
120. Napoleon loses 300,000 troops
during the Peninsular War
Nationalist rebels fight French
all over empire
121. Invasion of Russia
Napoleon decided to invade
Russia after relations break
down
June 1812, Napoleon’s army
marches into Russia with
420,000 men
122. Russians use scorched earth
policy, destroying crops and
livestock
Napoleon finds Moscow
abandoned and burning
124. Napoleon is forced to retreat,
losing thousands of troops to
raids, cold weather
125. Downfall
Britain,Prussia, Sweden,
Russia, and Austria join forces
against Napoleon
Napoleon raises another army,
but meets quick defeat by allied
powers
126. Napoleon finally surrenders and
is exiled to the Island of Elba
127. Last Try
Louis XVIII , the new king is
quickly overthrown and
Napoleon returns from exile
Waterloo – British and Prussian
forces defeat Napoleons new
army
134. Congress of Vienna
After
exiling Napoleon,
European leaders at the
Congress of Vienna try to
restore order and reestablish
peace
135. Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna – series
of meeting that reshape
Europe
Klemens von Metternich –
foreign minister of Austria,
influential at Congress
136. Klemens Von Metternich
Balanceof Power – a chief
Metternich goal, with no one
country a threat
Klemens Von Metternich
Trying to balance power in
Europe so no more war.
#CongressofVienna
137. Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna succeeds
in uniting European powers
Fair deals are worked out so
more war does not break out
European nations agree to
preserve peace and a
peaceful time of 40 years
follows
138. Conservative Europe
Holy Alliance – Russia,
Prussia, Austria pledge to
fight revolution
Concert of Europe –
European nations pledge to
to help fight revolutions
141. Russian Revolutions, 1900–
1939
Time Line
1905 Bloody Sunday: 1917 Russian 1918 Russian 1929 Stalin
Russian workers protest, workers riot in civil war begins becomes dictator
asking for better conditions. March Revolution of Soviet Union.
1900 1939
1917 Russian 1937 Stalin’s
Bolsheviks rebel in Great Purge
October killed millions
Revolution
142. HOME
1 Revolutions in Russia
Key Idea
Achievements of the Russian
Revolutions of 1917
•End to Tsarist rule
•First communist government
•Lenin takes power
•Major reforms
143. 1 Revolutions in Russia
TERMS & NAMES
Quick Vocabulary Kulaks
Write a quick description of these words. Use
Karl Marx
your textbook, use your phone, ask your Proletariat
neighbor. Bolsheviks
Totalitarian
Great Purge
Joseph Stalin
Vladimir Lenin
Communist Party
Command economy
144. Russian Revolutions
Russia revolted against
several things.
What Russia revolted against.
a. Revolt against Tsar
b. Revolt against Bolsheviks
c. Revolt against capitalism
145. Russian Revolutions
Revolt against the Tsar
Your goal:
Understand what led Russian citizens to revolution.
146. Revolt against the Tsar
1881 Alexander III
•Strict censorship, including private
letters
•Teachers report on students
•Prisoners went to gulags in Siberia
•Only Russian culture and language
allowed
149. What the tsar was doing:
War with Japan
Keeping all power to himself
World War I
Corruption in government
150. Lenin
Vladimir Lenin was
bringing the
Socialist revolution
to Russia.
151. Socialism was coming.
The idea of socialism meant that
workers would rule the country.
Workers would have equal benefit from
their labor.
152. Lenin leads Bolsheviks
Revolutionary group protesting tsar
Lenin is almost arrested, so he left the
country.
Then he waited.
153. World War I
(1914-1919)
Germany WANTS revolution in Russia
to weaken Russia, so they put Lenin on
a train into Russia.
Germany WANTS Lenin to take Russia
out of World War I, so they don’t have to
fight Russia anymore.
154. Tsar Nicholas II steps down.
Provisional government fails
Lenin and Bolsheviks set up another
government.
– Divide all land equally
– Stop war with Germany
– Give factories to the workers
Sounds good doesn’t it?
155. Russian Revolutions
Revolt against the Bolsheviks
Your goal:
Understand why the transfer of power was unsuccessful.
156. Bolsheviks in Power
– No more Tsar
– Everyone gets some land
– No more war with Germany
– All workers own part of their factory
Not everyone agrees with them.
Who might disagree with these changes?
158. Russian Civil War
(1918-1920)
White Army
– Multiple white armies
– Anyone anti-Lenin
– Disorganized
– US and Europe
helped them.
159. Russian Civil War
(1918-1920)
14 million people die
Causes of death
– Battle
– Famine
– Influenza (worldwide)
Red Army wins
– Bolsheviks stay in power
160. Russian Revolutions
Revolt against capitalism
Your goal:
Understand why capitalism was opposed in Russia.
162. Lenin hates capitalism.
If people are going to be truly equal, the
gov’t needs to make sure no one gets
rich and no one gets poor.
Lenin wants a socialist society
Lenin wants a state-controlled economy
163. This is not what Karl Marx wanted.
The WORKERS
were supposed to Angry
be in charge. face
What’s this
Communist Party
doing running
everything?
164. Totalitarianism
Joseph Stalin and State Control
Your goal:
Understand what a totalitarian government is.
168. Josef Stalin wants
change for Russia.
Waiting for everyone to
agree takes too long
Russia is already too far
behind the West
It will be quicker if
everyone just does what
Stalin says.
169. How is Russia behind?
I want Russia to
The West has have that!
Colonies
Factories
Cars
Trains
Modern weapons
170. First Step
Everyone must start sharing property.
This is called Collectivization.
– (collecting farms together)
172. Command Economy
Government will control all economic
decisions.
– What to make
– When to make it
– How much money to sell it for
– How much money to buy it for
– How to make it
173. This will take some work.
Russia had about 200 years of
civilization to catch up with.
– Still Feudalism!
Stalin REALLY wants to make Russia a
superpower. (and quickly)
How is this Nationalism?
174. Five-Year Plans
(1928-1937)
Stalin creates 5-Year Plans with VERY
high goals for improvements in Russia.
– Industry
– Power
175. Why did coal production see the
biggest growth?
176. Human Cost
The human cost of rapid
industrialization.
– Great Purge (anyone who disagreed)
– Self-sacrifice by everyone
• Less food
• Less clothing
• Less housing
187. Kulaks were
Kulak Ukranians who
had already
done well but
now stood to
lose their gains.
Would you give
up your property
to help your
country?
188. Stalin killed Kulaks
Kulaks did not want to give up their
property to the collectives.
– Attacked officials
– Destroyed their property
Stalin decided to eliminate the Kulaks
– Took all property
– Killed or imprisoned them
– 6 million people died
189. Great Purge
Stalin killed 20 million of his own
people.
This was how he used fear to maintain
power.