WaPOR 2- Compendium of solutions - Petra Schmitter - IWMI - 03 May 2023

WaPOR 2:
Compendium of solutions
International Water Management Institute

WaPOR Phase 2: demand driven applications
2 main international partners, 3 components,
5 years,10+ countries

• Gender Strategy (IWMI-IHE Likimyelesh N. / Anders V.)
• Co-design process (Muluken A.)
• Country solutions
• Associated products/projects
Content
Drought Monitoring Irrigation performance Irrigation advirosy services
• Sudan (Mulugeta T./Karthikeyan M.) • Mali (Sander Z./Moctar D.)
• Jordan (Karthikeyan M./Nafn A.)
• Mozambique (Karthikeyan M./Muluken A.)
• Kenya (Karthikeyan M./Muluken A.)
• Ethiopia (Karthikeyan M./Muluken A.)
• Iraq (Karthikeyan M./N.)
• Tunisia (Karim B./Makram F.)
• Algeria (Karim B./Makram F.)
• Palestine (Karthikeyan M./Nafn A.)

Gender Strategy
(Joined IWMI-IHE)

• WaPOR project acknowledges the importance of
women in agriculture and WRM, especially in
underdeveloped rural communities. However, the
project’s process for acheiving GESI impact are
not yet determined.
• Purpose of the GESI strategy
• To develop a framework that provides the
foundation on how GESI can be achieved
across the three components of WaPOR
project.
Why Gender and Social Inclusion (GESI) strategy for Wa
POR?

• Document review
• Project documents
• Publications
• Key Informant Interviews
• Staff from IWMI, UNESCO IHE, FAO, MetaMeta
• Representative from Dutch Foreign Ministry
• Gender practitioners in Jordan & Tunisia
• Staff from NGOs involved in developing application using WaPOR dat
abase
• Students from Jordan & Tunisia
• Qualitative study in Jordan and Tunisia
Methods for developing the GESI strategy

GESI Goal 1: Visibilizing labour, agriculture roles, and
realities of marginalized groups
• Current WaPOR focus
• Farmland is classified based on based on water productivity.
However, this ignores farmlands smaller than 30m, and farms
operated by women and other marginalised farmers.
• Strategies
• Document practices of subsistence agriculture for farm sizes
smaller than 30 m to provide nuance and granularity relating
to:
• smallholder farms and mixed cropping in maintaining
food security,
• role and agency of women in such farms, and
• the risk of over-looking such information.
• Build capacity among WaPOR database developers and
develop tools to systematically identify and map
• Farms operated by women and marginalized groups, and
• Agricultural practices of these social groups to
understand their contribution to food security of the
farming family, or local communities
Emerging result from Jordan Valley in Jordan
"The renter, the one who is currently
controlling the land might give me half an hour
of water to irrigate the plants. And the
weather is very hot here, I am not capable to
irrigate the whole area. He is free to give, or
not to give me (water). He chooses whether he
wants or not, and he might not give me. In this
case, I might try to get water in another way.
Sometimes I have to beg him to give me some
water and sometimes I have to use the water
from the government."
A woman from a land-owning family in Jordan
Valley, who runs a small nursery

GESI Goal 2: Expanding the focus from productivity to
equity
• WaPOR focuses on agricultural water productivity.
However, increase in productivity does not always
translate to equitable distribution of food security.
Further, the notion of productivity varies among different
water users.
• Strategies
• Investigate concerns of men and women involved in
agricultural labour;
• Assess impacts of tools and applications designed using
WaPOR DB on agricultural practices, distribution of land
and water resources as well as plurality of water uses and
needs; and change in trend.
"...It increased a lot in the last 5 years. There used
to be other crops in the same field, like vegetables,
potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplant,
oranges. Now it’s all bananas, and the ones who
work in the banana farm are the Egyptian males,
migrant workers. We don’t work in these farms.
They don’t want to hire women since it needs
more effort and power, that’s why they only hire
men. Farmers prefer palm trees, because it is very
profitable, it will return to you with money. And
bananas will bring you gold, but vegetables don’t
profit that much."
A woman agricultural labourer in the Southern part of
the Jordan Valley

GESI Goal 3: Gender mainstreaming beyond technology
access
• Un-nuanced gender approach (such as inclusion of women)
with limited understanding of their lived
experience that exacerbates existing inequalities and/or
create for new ways of marginalizing women
• Strategies
• Collaborate with grassroot organizations working with
women farmers that provide insights on issues faced by
women and marginalized farmers.
• Build GESI capacity of gender and
development practitioners.
• Expand the reach of the WaterPIP hackathons to gender
and agriculture practitioners and researchers to provide
data and perspective to GIS experts and improve relevance
of GESI interventions
“Community Based Organisations (CBOs) protect
our rights. If we work for someone and he
doesn’t pay us, they will get the payment from
that person. Sometimes the farm owners who
don’t know us, they will ask the associations for
workers”.
A group leader of an association in Jordan Valley

GESI Goal 4: Understand GESI impacts of technologies
• Current WaPOR Focus
• Limited consideration of gender in design of technologies
and interventions based on WaPOR database. Hence, there
is lack of understanding on how technologies and
interventions may disrupt gender and social relations by
re-distributing land and water access in the long term.
• Strategies
• Prepare material to build the capacity of application
designers to safeguard diverse social interests.
• Increase capacity of gender and development practitioners
in gender theory and development history.
• Review the impact of interventions already designed using
WaPOR on social and gender relations.
"This piece of land is owned by many owners
because its an inheritance. When my father died,
this went to his grandchildren. Every time
(season) one of the grandchildren (men) will
come to plant it and grow in it. I am the one who
is mostly present here, I am trying to solve the
water issue, and to grow in the land“
A female wheat farmer from the Jordan Valley

GESI Goal 5: Re-imagining the “good farmer”
• In the context of WaPOR “good farmers” have large farms,
growing crops known to the WaPOR database developers.
However, because of this assumption, there is a lack of
data on small-farm holdings, smallholder farmers who
cultivate mixed crops, and use water for multiple purposes,
and the logic of smallholder farmers practices through
remote sensing technology.
• Strategies
• Broaden understanding of good farmer through analysis of
plural water use practices of women and smallholder
marginalised farmers who cultivate mixed crops and use
water for multiple purposes.
• Analyse water use practices in areas labelled as “non-
productive” by WaPOR.
" We have one line of eggplants, and the other line is
Bell Peppers next to it, and another is Foul. We plant
variety of crops for the prices. Each of these sells for
a different price, Bell Peppers price is different from
the Foul price, it’s good to have a variety… If we
plant tomatoes and cucumbers, those sell for
different prices, so you should always have a
variety.”
A group leader of an association in Jordan Valley

Co-design, testing and validation of
solutions

Introduction - Co-Design Process and
Stakeholder Engagement
• Co-design process is a collaborative approach to design a tool that
involves stakeholders in the design process from the outset
• Bringing together developers, users and other key stakeholders
• Sharing of powers and responsibilities
• Understanding user contexts, needs and preferences,
• Stakeholder engagement is the process of involving and collaborating
with stakeholders in decision-making processes that affect them
• Enhances ownership, sustainability and supports scaling

Figure
1.
A
Strategic
Framework
for
Engaging
Stakeholders
in
Innovation
and
Scaling
(own
illustration)
Engaging Stakeholders: Defining Priorities for Effective Engagement.
Accumulative
Resource &
infrastructure
Capacity building
Impact assessment
(stakeholders) Validations of solutions
Stakeholders
mapping
activities
Users vision &
suitability with
WaPOR
Identify
the use
cases
Use case 2: water
producivity
Use case 1:Irrigation
performance assessement
Use case 3: Resource mapping
Innovation characterization and scaling
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
IMPLEMENTATION
SUPPORT AND ASSESSMENT
Training
requirements
and strategy
Inclusivene
ss
15
Trust
development
Multi-
stakeholders
dialogues
Training
activities
Characterize
the use cases
Market based
Public based
Co-design stakeholder workshops
scaling
Stakeholder mapping
Human
centered
design
Information
based
Co-design
workshops
User
interface
IMPLEMENTATION
Multi-
stakeholders
dialogues
Training
activities
Characterize
the use cases
Market based
Public based
Human
centered
design
Co-design
workshops
User
interface
Capacity building
Co-design stakeholder workshops
Stakeholder mapping
Set
of
tools
Sustainability

Situational
analysis
Stakeholders mapping activities (Ethiopia, Sudan, kenya
and Mozambique):
Selecting the stakeholders: experts and decision
makers
Stakeholder consultation (online and in person)
Specifiy their needs
Selecting the champion

Situational analysis
Stakeholder mapping - Sudan
Stakeholder mapping – Mozambique

Situational
analysis
Identify the use cases (Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya and Mozambique):
Irrigation performance assessment
Drought monitoring and yield gap assessment
Water productivity
Resource mapping

Implementation
Co-design workshops (Mozambique and Kenya):
• 2 workshops in the coming few weeks
• Sudan (postponed)
Multi-stakeholder dialogues
• February 24, 2023, Addis Ababa
• ATI-Private sector, Addis Ababa (June)
• Others being scheduled

Support and
Assessment
Co-design stakeholder workshop
- A tool (an outline and brainstorming)
- Lessons from process experience

Support and
Assessment
Stakeholder mapping
- Systematically developing the mapping
with country coordinators and others
(Mental modeler)
- Iterative process

Key learnings
o Importance of early and ongoing stakeholder engagement
o Value of diversity and inclusion in the co-design process
o Need for flexibility and power sharing in response to stakeholder
feedback
oCommunication, and transparency as critical components of
successful co-design and scaling
oA need for explaining the co-design process and co-design stakeholder
workshop
o Impact of co-design on tools and scaling

Conclusion
o Co-design process and stakeholder engagement have been crucial in
the tool selection
o Co-design to meet stakeholders’ needs and preferences
o The process fosters stronger relationships with the stakeholders.
o A potential to make a positive impact on the stakeholder and
scalable to the wider community

Global Review Irrigation performance

Synthesis of irrigation performance assessment experiences
globally
N° Category/objective Number
1 Adequacy 61
2 Equity 29
3 Production and productivity 28
5 Use of resources 6
6 Reliability 3
7 Profitability 1
7 Sustainability 1
N° Crops Number
1 Wheat 23
2 Rice 18
4 Cotton 15
5 Maize 12
6 Sugarcane 11
7 Other 60
IP indicator Number
Relative Evapotranspiration (ETrel) 30
Relative Water Supply (RWS) 25
Depleted Fraction (DF) 18
Crop Water Productivity (CWP) 23
CV Evapotranspiration 15
Crop Water Deficit (CWD) 9
Uniformity of Water Consumption (UWC) 8

Compendium of solutions:
Drought Monitoring

Sudan
• Challenge: Lack of drought monitoring system for
large rainfed areas in Al Qadarif
• Solution: Drought monitoring system integrating
WaPOR datasets
• User: Ministry of Agriculture; Sudan Meteorological
Authority (SMA)
• Information provided: Drought indicators focusing
on precipitation, vegetation conditions, soil
moisture status and biomass growth
• Stakeholder interactions: 7 from which 6 online
• Status: First version ready on CDI discussed with
stakeholders
• Next steps: Stakeholder co-design workshop
(posponed due to the current crisis)

Irrigation performance

Mali • Challenge: Unequal distribution in water allocation across
the scheme
• Solution: Application to visualize irrigation scheme
performance for enhanced decision making
• User: Office du Niger
• Information provided: assessing and diagnosing irrigation
performance spatially to improve water management for
optimizing equal distribution of irrigation water
• Stakeholder interactions: 3
• Status: Design stage
• Next steps: consultation with OdN (May); development of
the IPADT application, formal and on-the-job capacity
development, evaluation and incorporation of
improvements.

Jordan • Challenge: Lack of information on the peformance of
North Jordan Valley irrigation system
• Solution: Irrigation performance assessment tool
integrating field based data with remote sensing based
datasets from WaPOR portal
• User: Jordan Valley Authority (JVA); Ministry of Water
and Irrigation; Ministry of Agriculture
• Information provided: seasonal trends in crop water use,
yield, water productivity and other hybrid indicators
• Stakeholder interactions: 2 formal meetings, and 2
informal introductory meetings
• Status: Design
• Next steps: Stakeholder co-development wokshop and
crop water requirement training planned in June
• Use case used for gender strategy
Field data WaPOR (100m) data
Canals
Farm boundary
WUA boundary
Water supply
Crop type/stage
Yield
Socio-economic
Crop water use
Biomass
Traditional
performance
indicators
Hybrid
indicators
RS performance
indicators
• Performance of the canal systems
• Efficiency – water supplied vs water consumed (ET)
• Equity – water consumption patterns between fields with same crop type
/stage
• Uniformity – water consumption patterns in a location across time
• Water use and consumption in head vs tail end
• Water use hotspots
• Water productivity of citrus
Efficiency and productivity at different scales

Mozambique • Challenge: lack of information about the
peformance of Lower Limpopo irrigation
systems
• Solution: Irrigation performance assessment
tool integrating field based data with remote
sensing based datasets from WaPOR portal
• User: INIR, HICEP, and MADER
• Information provided: seasonal trends in crop
water use, yield, water productivity and other
hybrid indicators
• Stakeholder interactions: Six online
consultations
• Status: Design
• Next steps: Stakeholder co-development
wokshop in May
Chowke Irrigation scheme

Kenya
• IMAGE /MAP or sketch
• Challenge: Lack of monitoring mechanim of
water resource utilization in counties
• Solution: resource utilization mapping tool
integrating field based data with remote
• User: Counties (Lakipia and Isiolo), MoA, and
CETRAD (facilitated by SNV)
• Information provided: Indicators of land and
water resources utilization
• Stakeholder interactions: Six online
consultations
• Status: Design
• Next steps: co-design workshop with other
counties in June 2023

Ethiopia
• IMAGE /MAP or sketch
• Challenge: Lack of information on crop and water
productivity of wheat at national level to enhance
extension services. Support for operationalizing
IMISET (performance assessment)
• Solution: Integrating WaPOR ET and Biomass for
monitoring of crop and water productivity of
wheat to enhance extension services, and
required indicators for IMISET
• User: ATI; MoA and EIAR (IMISET)
• Information provided: yield gaps, seasonal trends
in crop water use, water productivity and others
• Stakeholder interactions: 4
• Status: Design
• Next steps: Consultations with ATI and EIAR to
finalize tool scope
Source : USDA
Ethiopia Wheat production 2011 to 2016

Iraq • Challenge: Yield gap, poor system
peformance, lack of performance assessment
tools
• Solution: Irrigation performance assessment
tool integrating field based data with remote
• User: Ministry of Water Resources
• Information provided: seasonal trends in crop
water use, yield, water productivity and other
hybrid indicators
• Stakeholder discussions: 2
• Status: early design stage
• Next steps: Stakeholder mapping and Online
consultations planned in June/July 2023

Irrigation advisory services

Tunisia • Challenge: INGC Tunisia has developed IREY with
basic/not validated Crop Coef. Kc without forecast
• Solution: Use of WaPOR + high res. climate data
to calculate Kc using two different methods
• User: Pioneer Farmers/Early adopters Network
• Information provided: Accurate operational and 10-d
forecasted IWR at the plot level
• Status: design
• Next steps: calibrated Kc coeffiecients updated in the
app ready end 2023, forecast + validation in 2024
• Use case for gender strategy: farmers and farming
communities in NW Tunisia (2023).
WaPOR ETref ERA5 Climate
S2 LAI
Two Kc
methods
Observed and
predicted Crop
Water Use
10 days
predicted
climate data
Validation

Algeria • Challenge: Operational wheat water
requirement for irrigation advisory services
• Solution: Application to support irrigation
scheduling (monitoring +10 days forecasted IWR
at the plot level 3
• User: Ministry of Agriculture and extension
officers; farmers
• Information provided: Accurate operational
and 10-d forecasted IWR at the plot level
• Status: Early design stage
• Next steps: Operational script ready by October
2023 and forecast of IWR and validation in 2024
• Promote south-south cooperation (IREY Tunisia-
Algeria)
WaPOR ETref ERA5 Climate
S2 LAI
Two Kc
methods
Observed and
predicted Crop
Water Use
10 days
predicted
climate data
IREY
Validation

Palestine
• Challenge: Irrigation scheduling for date palm
plantations
• Solution: Irrigation scheduling app
• User: Ministry of Agriculture
• Information provided: real time irrigation
advice for farmers (To be confirmed)
• Status: Early design stage
• Next steps: Stakeholder consultation in July
2023
IRWI
IREY
WAFIRR

Additional solutions using WaPOR

Sustainable scaling of water innovations
• Challenge: Potential unintented consequences
as solar irrigation goes to scale
• Solution: devleop baseline and monitor water
use over time
• User: South/Central Africa regional innovation
hub – WE4F
• Basin: Zambezi
• Information provided: water availability
baseline and future scenarios, irrigation
investments targeting
• Period of implementation: Jun-Dec 2023
• Scaling: East and West Africa – GiZ, USAID
investment programs

Targeting of small-scale solar irrigation
investments • Challenge: Poor implementation of small scale
irrigation solutions to support vegetable irrigation
by humanitarian organizations in emergency
response
• Solution: Suitability mapping for vegetable
irrigation and technologies based on land, water
resources and climate conditions, water limits etc.
• User: USAID-BHA and humantiarian organizations
(planning tool)
• Information provided: Suitability for targeting
irrigated vegetable and associated technology
interventions
• Countries: Mali and Ethiopia (phase 1)
• Period of implementation: Oct 2022-Sep 2023
• Next steps: 5 more countries Oct 2023 - 2024

Developing a basin water accounting
approach for the Jordan WEC project
(under discussion)
- Challenge: lack of monitoring tools/data and skills for
the impact of technological and behavioral interventions
in irrigated agriculture
- Solution: RS data, Water Accounting, with capacity
building for ministerial staff
- User: MWI – Water Budget and demand management
units
- Information provided: Baseline status of water
resources 2022-2023, irrigation and water productivity
hotspots

Hosting a special prize on the role of
water in agrifood systems
transformatione
Goal: promote the role of young scientists in
agrifood transformation in water scarce regions -
MENA
• Potential topics:
The interrelation between water-agriculture-food security
Agricultural water solutions to improve water productvity
Research addressing climate-resilient solutions under
extremes (e.g., drought)
Research adressing the role of data science, remote sensing,
and information communication technologies (ICTs) in
agricultural water management
Research adressing the inclusion of women and vulnereable
groups for water and food security.
Scaling potential: based on funding

General observations/reflections on solution
implementation
Adaptive management to stakeholder engagement
Original “requests” requires translation to on the ground needs and contextualization; requires
adaptive management to “tool selection’ – end user ; adaptation to on-the-job training and training
schedules
Co-design process and stakeholder engagement is crucial in tool ownership but
takes times
Different needs – visions – expectations; in presence in country matters; tool transfer – vs active
participation in co-design; enhances O&M; low capacity in some countries
Difference in original country implementation timelines – capacity limitation
Demand for all countries at the same time; faster traction in country presence; moving gears to in
country presence (Iraq, Palestine, Mozambique, Kenya)
Difference in stakeholder capacity – requires for additional resources for
implementation
Resources needs for processing/programming, UX/UI, etc differs

WaPOR 2- Compendium of solutions - Petra Schmitter - IWMI - 03 May 2023

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