This PPT focused on the strategy to control air pollution.

1. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND
PRESENTATION ON
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY
PAPER – AIR POLLUTION AND MONITORING
PRESENTED TO : PRESENTED
:
DR. SANJEEV KUMAR VIVEK KUMA

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3. INTRODUCTION
• WITH RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY WORLDWIDE
WE ARE OBSERVING A GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF THE AIR QUALITY.
• A GREAT NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (E.G. COMBUSTION),
TRANSPORTATION, OR EVEN AGRICULTURE GENERATE SIGNIFICANT
QUANTITIES OF POLLUTANTS SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON
MONOXIDE, SULPHUR OXIDES, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS (E.G. METHANE), AMMONIA, PARTICULATE MATTER, TOXIC
METALS (E.G. LEAD), ODORS AND RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS.
• IN ORDER TO PREVENT FROM FURTHER DETERIORATION OF AIR THERE IS AN
URGENT NEED FOR MINIMIZING THE EMISSIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES,
PERFORMING POLLUTION CONTROL AND INTRODUCING SOLUTIONS TO
REDUCE THE CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR.

4. DEFINITION
• AIR POLLUTANTS ARE REFERRED TO AS GASEOUS, LIQUID AND SOLID
SUBSTANCES PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE WHICH ARE NOT THE NATURAL
COMPONENTS OF THE AIR OR ANY SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE PRESENT IN THE
ATMOSPHERE EXCEEDING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF THE AIR COMPONENTS
TYPICAL FOR THE NATURAL COMPOSITION OF THE AIR.
• AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, THE TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED TO REDUCE OR
ELIMINATE THE EMISSION INTO THE ATMOSPHERE OF SUBSTANCES THAT CAN
HARM THE ENVIRONMENT OR HUMAN HEALTH.
• AIR IS CONSIDERED TO BE POLLUTED WHEN IT CONTAINS CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
IN CONCENTRATIONS HIGH ENOUGH AND FOR DURATIONS LONG ENOUGH TO
CAUSE HARM OR UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS.
• AIR POLLUTION CAUSES POTENTIAL THREATS AND RISK TO PEOPLE, ANIMALS

5. REASON OF POLLUTION
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• MACEUTICAL WASTE
• AGRICULTUREE
• METALLURGICAL PLANTS
• RUBBER AND PLASTIC MANUFACTURING

6. THESE ARE THE
REASON OF AIR
POLLUTION

7. CONTROL STRATEGY
• A CONTROL STRATEGY RELATED TO AIR QUALITY IS A SET OF SPECIFIC
TECHNIQUES AND MEASURES IDENTIFIED AND IMPLEMENTED TO ACHIEVE
REDUCTIONS IN AIR POLLUTION TO ATTAIN AN AIR QUALITY STANDARD OR GOAL.
• THE BEST WAY TO PROTECT AIR QUALITY IS TO REDUCE THE EMISSIONS OF
POLLUTANTS BY CHANGING CLEANER FUELS AND PROCESSES.
• POLLUTION NOT ELIMINATED IN THIS WAY MUST BE COLLECTED OR TRAPPED BY
APPROPRIATE AIR-CLEANING DEVICES AS THEY ARE GENERATED AND BEFORE THEY
CAN ESCAPE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• EXAMPLES ARE MECHANICAL COLLECTORS, WET SCRUBBERS, FABRIC FILTERS
(BAGHOUSES), ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS, COMBUSTION SYSTEMS (THERMAL
OXIDIZERS), CONDENSERS, ABSORBERS, ADSORBERS, AND BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION.

8. AIR CAN BE POLLUTED BY TWO WAYS EITHER
BY PARTICULATE OR BY GASES
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9. BAGHOUSE FILTERS
• ONE OF THE MOST EFFICIENT DEVICES FOR REMOVING SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES IS AN ASSEMBLY OF FABRIC-FILTER BAGS, COMMONLY
CALLED A BAGHOUSE.
• A TYPICAL BAGHOUSE COMPRISES AN ARRAY OF LONG, NARROW
BAGS—EACH ABOUT 25 CM (10 INCHES) IN DIAMETER—THAT ARE
SUSPENDED UPSIDE DOWN IN A LARGE ENCLOSURE.
• DUST-LADEN AIR IS BLOWN UPWARD THROUGH THE BOTTOM OF THE
ENCLOSURE BY FANS.
• PARTICULATES ARE TRAPPED INSIDE THE FILTER BAGS, WHILE THE CLEAN
AIR PASSES THROUGH THE FABRIC AND EXITS AT THE TOP OF THE
BAGHOUSE.

11. BIOFILTERS
• BIOFILTRATION IS A POLLUTION CONTROL METHOD FOR REMOVAL OF AIR
POLLUTANTS FROM AIRSTREAMS IN REACTORS FILLED WITH SOLID MEDIA BED
WHERE THE POLLUTANTS ARE ABSORBED AND OXIDIZED BY INDIGENOUS
MICROORGANISMS.
• BIOFILTERS ARE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES WHICH EMPLOY
MICROORGANISMS, SUCH AS BACTERIA AND FUNGI, TO DEGRADE AND REMOVE
WATER-SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS.
• BIOFILTERS DESTROY THE POLLUTANTS TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT PRESENT IN
INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS AND EXHAUST.
• HOWEVER, THE MICROORGANISMS IN BIOFILTERS ABSORB AND METABOLIZE
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, SUCH AS VOCS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WITHOUT
GENERATING BYPRODUCTS TYPICALLY PRODUCED THROUGH COMBUSTION,
SUCH AS NOX AND CO.

13. CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• IT IS A PROCESS BY WHICH CARBON IS CAPTURED AND STORED FOR THE TREATMENT.
• THIS METHOD IS MAINLY USED FOR THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
• CARBON SEQUESTRATION INVOLVES THE LONG-TERM STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE
UNDERGROUND, AS WELL AS ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH IN FORESTS AND OCEANS.
• THIS PROCESS IS RARELY BEING USED, BUT IS TALKED ABOUT EXTENSIVELY AS A WAY TO
LIMIT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS LEADING TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE.
• MICROORGANISMS ARE APPLIED AS CARBON SEQUESTER BUT ALGAE ARE REGARDED AS
THE BEST SEQUESTER BECAUSE OF THESE KEY ADVANTAGES –
- HIGH PURITY CO2 IS NOT REQUIRED FOR ALGAE CULTIVATION
- COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, SUCH AS: NOX AND SOX CAN BE
USED AS NUTRIENTS
- THE PROCESS HAS MINIMAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
- CULTIVATION OF ALGAE PROVIDE HIGH VALUE COMMERCIAL

15. CONTROL EFFICIENCY
Type of Control Equipment Control Efficiency
Type of Control Equipment Control Efficiency
Dry Scrubbers Up to 99%
Air Filters -
Cyclones 90% (for particulates ≥10–20 μm in diameter)
Electrostatic Precipitators 99+% (for particulates ≥1.0 μm in diameter)
Mist Collectors 99.9% (for droplets ≥0.3 μm in diameter)
Incinerators -
Catalytic Reactors 90+% (for NOx)
99.99% (for other gaseous pollutants)
Biofilters 98+%
Hepa filters ~ 99.97%
Thermal Oxidizers 99.99% (for VOCs, 99.99+%)
Cyclones ~ 90 %
Catalytic Oxidizers ~ 99.99 %

16. BIO-INDICATORS OF AIR
POLLUTION
• IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME THAT MANY LIVING ORGANISMS SUCH AS
PLANTS, ANIMALS, FUNGI AND BACTERIA ARE SENSITIVE TO MANY POLLUTANTS PRESENT
IN THE AIR.
• THESE LIVING ORGANISMS CAN RESPOND TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBSTANCES AND
THE CONCENTRATION.
• THEREFORE THEY CAN BE USED AS VALUABLE TOOL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT
THE AIR POLLUTANTS HAVE ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
• THE APPLICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS FOR IDENTIFYING AND DETERMINING THE
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT REQUIRES THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT AND THE EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS.
• BIOINDICATORS (OR BIOINDICATOR ORGANISMS) ARE ORGANISMS OR A GROUP OF
ORGANISMS THAT CONTAIN INFORMATION ON THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
AND REFER TO CHANGES WHICH CAN MAINLY OCCUR AT THE ORGANISMIC AND
POPULATION LEVEL.

17. • OLIVE-TREE BARK (OLEA EURPAEA) AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR FOR
AIRBORNE TRACE ELEMENTS.
• LICHENS AS AN INDICATOR OF SO2, NO2, HF OR O3 AIR POLLUTANTS.
• TULIPS
• CROCUSES
• PINES
• LARCHES
• LICHENS
• MOSSES

19. BIOMONITORING
• IN RECENT DECADES THE INCREASED INTEREST IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL
INDICATORS FOR MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTANTS IS OBSERVED WORLDWIDE.
• BIOMONITORING CAN BE DEFINED AS THE USE OF LIVING ORGANISMS AND/OR BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS TO PROVIDE SOME INFORMATION ON A SELECTED PARAMETERS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
• IN MANY COUNTRIES BIOMONITORING IS STRONGLY AFFECTED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS.
• ONE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF BIOMONITORING IS THAT IT PROVIDES AN EARLY WARNING OF
FUTURE EFFECTS WHICH AIR POLLUTANTS CAN HAVE ON BIOSYSTEMS.
• THE APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION IS ALSO
COST-EFFICIENT WHEN COMPARED TO THE COST OF ANALYTICAL METHODS.
• GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE SUCH AS SO2, NO2, HF OR O3 WERE INITIALLY
MONITORED WITH THE USE OF LICHENS WHICH HAVE BEEN REGARDED ARE THE LONG-TERM
BIOMONITORS OF AIR POLLUTION.

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21. CONCLUSION
• LIVING ORGANISMS SUCH AS MICROORGANISMS, PLANTS OR ANIMALS IN
THEIR NATURAL HABITAT HAVE A GREAT POTENTIAL FOR THE PROTECTION
OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
• SINCE MANY OF LIVING ORGANISMS DEMONSTRATE BIOINDICATION AND/OR
BIOACCUMULATION ABILITIES, THEY CAN BE EMPLOYED FOR
BIOMONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION AND REMOVAL OF VARIOUS POLLUTANTS
FROM THE ATMOSPHERE.
• BIOMONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION ALLOWS FOR DETERMINATION OF
DIRECT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS, AND THEREFORE IT
PROVIDES AN EARLY WARNING OF AIR QUALITY CHANGES.
• DUE TO THE ABILITY TO ACCUMULATE VARIOUS AIR POLLUTANTS, MANY
LIVING ORGANISMS CAN BE USED TO REDUCE THE CONCENTRATION OF
POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OR TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AIR
POLLUTION.

22. REFERENCES
• HTTPS://WWW.INTECHOPEN.COM/BOOKS/AIR-POLLUTION/BIOSYSTEMS-FOR-AIR-PROTECTION
• HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/TECHNOLOGY/AIR-POLLUTION-CONTROL/SCRUBBERS
• HTTPS://WWW.THOMASNET.COM/ARTICLES/PLANT-FACILITY-EQUIPMENT/UNDERSTANDING-AIR-
POLLUTION-CONTROL-EQUIPMENT/
• HTTPS://ENERGYEDUCATION.CA/ENCYCLOPEDIA/AIR_POLLUTION_CONTROL_DEVICES
• HTTP://WWW.ENG.UTOLEDO.EDU/~AKUMAR/IAP1/POLLUTION%20CONTROL.HTM

23. THANK - YOU