1. GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, KEKRI
SESSION (2022-2023)
A SEMINAR REPORT
ON
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING
Submitted to :-
dr. shikha Mathur ma’am
Submitted by :-
VISHNU KUMAR DHOBI
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY (1st semester)
2. Remember Proteins ?
• They are biomolecules !
• Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acid monomers and
they are formed at the ribosomes!
• Protein are composed of Amino acids- there are 20 different
amino acids
• Protein can be enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical
reactions. Proteins also make up our structure!
4. • Function of proteins :-
1. Help fight disease
2. Build new body tissue
3. Enzymes used for digestion and other chemical
reactions are proteins
(enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction )
4. Component of all cell membranes
5. 2. Steps to make a protein :-
1.transcription
2. Translation
RNA protein
(chain of amino acids)
6. First part of protein synthesis :-
Trancription:-
Transcription= DNA RNA
Takes place in the nucleus
Two enzymes help:
1. Helicase- separates DNA helix
2. RNA polymerase – brings RNA nucleotides
over to be synthesized into mRNA
Template strand : the side of
DNA that will be used to
create an mRNA strand
7. Making a protein transcription ….
1. First step :- copying of genetic information form DNA to RNA called
Transcription
Why?
DNA has the genetic code for the protein that needs to be made, but
protein are made by the ribosomes ribosomes are outside the nucleus in
the cytoplasm.
DNA is also too large to leave the nucleus (double stranded), but RNA can
leave the nucleus (single standard )
8.
9. • Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to
assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA
(mRNA).
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
10. • mRNA then goes through the pores of the nucleus with
the DNA code and attaches to the ribosome
11. Step 2. Translation
• Second step:- Decoding of m RNA into a protein is called
Translation.
• Transfer RNA(tRNA) carries amino acids form the cytoplasm
to the ribosome .
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
12. • These amino acids come form the food we eat .
• Proteins we eat are broken down into individual
amino acids and then simply rearranged into new
proteins according to the needs and directions of
our DNA .
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
13. A Series of three adjacent bases in an
m RNA molecule codes for a specific
amino acid – called a codon.
Each t-RNA has 3 nucleotides that
are complementary to the codon in
m RNA
Each t-RNA codes for a different
amino acid.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-NC
14. • m-RNA carrying the DNA instructions and t-RNA carrying
amino acids meet in the ribosomes.
A. Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus
B. Transfer RNA the m RNA then enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome .
Translation begins at AUG , the start codon each transfer RNA has an anticodon whose
bases are complementary to a codon on the MRNA strand. The ribosome positions the
start codon to attract its anticodon , which is part of the t RNA that binds methionine .
The ribosome also binds the next codon and its anticodon.
15. C. The polypeptide “assembly lines” the ribosome joins the two amino
acids -methionine and phenyl alanine and breaks the bond between
methionine and its t RNA the t-RNA floats away form the ribosome,
allowing the ribosome moves along the m-RNA, binding new t-RNA
molecules and amino acids
D. Completing the polypeptide
The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three
stop codons .
The result is a complete polypeptide
Polypeptide = protein
16. • Use one of the codon charts on the next page to find the amino
acid sequence coded for by the following m-RNA strands.
CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA
AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA
20. Spacial thanks to :-
For all facilitations , courage's and motivations to make this
presentation not only but making able of doing a little
progressive work for building up confidence to build a better
carrier
Thanks all for staying connected
