Research in Pediatrics

1. Scope of Research in Pediatrics
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Scope of Research in Pediatrics

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Introduction
 What is pediatric?
What is LBW?
What is IMNCI?
What is KMC, BFHI, APGAR?

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Research:
Meaning : The word research is composed of a prefix
‘re’ and a verb ‘search’.
Re means - once again, anew, afresh, and
Search means - to look for something or examine
closely and carefully, to look for information, to test
and try, or to prove.
Therefore, research means close and careful
examination of facts and their relationship to
discover new knowledge.

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Introduction
-Research is defined as a systematic and
scientific process to answer the questions
about facts and relationship.
Eg-Smoke-Cancer, Play-G&D, Cartoon-eating
-Research is the process of solving problems
and finding facts in an organized way.

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Research is a careful and detailed study of a
specific problem, concern, or issue using the
scientific method”.
Eg. EFT and level of depression among old age
people

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Research is very easy. You need only two variable and some
basics knowledge.
Eg Oil massage and Weight of Child/G and D of child
Eg. Falling frequency and Indian and western lavatories
Eg Baby cradle and mother sleep pattern
Eg Traditional Play V/S Modern gadgets/play and growth
Eg Hair cut by barber and child anxiety
Eg Cry/Pain and recreational therapy

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Variables in Research—
Independent Variable
The independent variable is the condition that you change in an
experiment. It is the variable you control. Eg. obesity and exercise
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is the condition that you measure in an
experiment. You are assessing how it responds to a change in the
independent variable.
Examples of variables related to Poor Academic Performance--
number of hours devoted to studying
student-teacher ratio
number of students in the class
educational attainment of teachers
teaching style
the distance of school from home
number of hours devoted by parents in providing tutorial
support

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Variables in Research—
Independent Variable
The independent variable is the condition that you change in an
experiment. It is the variable you control. Eg. obesity and exercise
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is the condition that you measure in an
experiment. You are assessing how it responds to a change in the
independent variable.
Examples of variables related to Poor Academic Performance--
number of hours devoted to studying
student-teacher ratio
number of students in the class
educational attainment of teachers
teaching style
the distance of school from home
number of hours devoted by parents in providing tutorial
support

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Confounding Variable--A confounding variable is
an outside influence that changes the effect of a
dependent and independent variable. This
extraneous influence is used to influence the
outcome of an experimental design. Simply, a
confounding variable is an extra variable entered
into the equation that was not accounted for.
Physical activity Myocardial Infraction
Eng and Guj.medium Intelligence
Age/Food
Tuition/Parent edu

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Problem statement:
“Effectiveness of oil massage on weight and sleep pattern
among low birth weight babies”
“Impact of helfer skin tap technique on pain intensity during
vaccination among infants”
“Quality of life related to oral health, speech and social
wellbeing among the preschool children with cleft lip”
“A comparative study on joint verses nuclear family regarding
Social, cognitive and language development among pre-school
children”
“The Impact of Mnemonic(નેમોનનક્સ) on Recall of anatomy
and secure marks among medicos”.(SLTPTTCH /TAI III GI)

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Example
Mnemonic for Attainment and Recall –SHE ENT MNC HAG RE
Carpal Bones-(SLTPTTCH)
She-Scaphoid-
Looks-Lunate
Too-Triquetral
Pretty-Pisiform
Try-Trapezium
To- Trapezoid
Catch-Capitate
Her-Hammate

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Steps of scientific Research:
1. Selecting the topic and identifying the
research problem
શ ક્ષ ષ learning difficulties
Oil
massage
Weight
Sleep
pattern
Height
Bonding

14. Example
Motivation
Intelligence
Peer group
Academic
performance
Ill health
Decreased
interest
Poor economic
Positive factors Negative factors
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1.Formulation
of research
problem
2.Determining
study
objectives
3.Review of
literature
4.Developing
conceptual
work
5.Formulating
hypothesis /
assumptions
6.Selecting
research
approach /
design
7.Specifying
the population
8.Developing
tool for data
collection
9.Establishing
ethical
consideration
10.Conducting
pilot study
11.Sample
selection
12.Data
collection
13.Preparing
data for
analysis
14.Analysis
and
interpretation
of data
15.Disseminat
ing the
research
findings

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CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH
 Orderly and systematic process
 Based on current professional issues Eg Player
Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG) and behavior,
selfitis(OCD)
 Begin with clearly defined purposes.
 Finding solution of problem
 Dedicated towards societal welfare
 Strive to collect first hand information / data

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 Generate findings to refine and improve
professional practices
 Use of appropriate methodology
 Conducted on representative samples
 Conducted through appropriate use of
methods and tools of data collection
 Use of valid and reliable data collection tools:
 Carefully recorded assent and consent
 Adequately communicated:

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Types of Research Design

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Types of Research--

20. Qualitative
Exerimental
Non
experimental
Quantitative

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Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into
usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions,
behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results
from a larger sample population.
Experimental design- Pre/Quasi/True experimental(RCM)
Non Experimental design- Descriptive(Survey/co-
relational/observational/comparative /methodological)
Example- Impact of mobile game on behavior of child

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Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is concern
with opinions, experience and feeling of individual. Qualitative data
are collected through direct interaction with individuals through
one to one or group interaction.
Example-Phemenological(experience during disaster)
Ethnographic (about culture/taboos/tradition)
Grounded theory( develop new theory with available data)
Eg.-- Barriers in utilization of government health facilities
Eg. – Common traditional practices regarding newborn care
Eg. -Experience of women undergone with abortion.

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Major nursing research area in child
health nursing as per ICMR-
•Kangaroo mother care in the management of
very low birth weight(VLBW) babies
•Studies on traditional beliefs and practices in
newborn care in different communities.
•Home-based management of LBW neonates.
•Malnutrition and treatment scope
•Involvement of Panchayat Raj Institutions
(PRIs) in implementation of the RCH
programme.

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Research topics in pediatrics—
•Jigsaw technique
Neonatology
General Pediatrics
Pediatric Cardiology
Child Care
Critical Care
Pediatric Radiology
Pediatric Trauma
Pediatric Neurology
Pediatric Psychiatry
Pediatric Allergy
Pediatric Immunology
Pediatric Infections
Pediatric Medicine
Pediatric Asthma
Nutrition
Genetics
Pediatric Endocrinology
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric Nephrology

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Meta-
analyses
Systematic
review
Randomized
control studies
Quasi experimental
studies
Cohort studies(Prospective)
Case control studies(Retrospective)
Case reports

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Meta-Analysis
A way of combining data from many different research studies. A meta-analysis is a
statistical process that combines the findings from individual studies.
Example: Anxiety outcomes after physical activity interventions: meta-analysis findings
Systematic Review
A summary of the clinical literature. A systematic review is a critical assessment and
evaluation of all research studies that address a particular clinical issue. The researchers use
an organized method of locating, assembling, and evaluating a body of literature on a
particular topic using a set of specific criteria. A systematic review typically includes a
description of the findings of the collection of research studies. The systematic review may
also include a quantitative pooling of data, called a meta-analysis.
Example: Complementary and alternative medicine use among women with breast cancer: a
systematic review.
Randomized Controlled Trial
A controlled clinical trial that randomly (by chance) assigns participants to two or more
groups. There are various methods to randomize study participants to their groups.
Example: Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized
controlled trial
Cohort Study (Prospective Observational Study)
A clinical research study in which people who presently have a certain condition or receive a
particular treatment are followed over time and compared with another group of people who
are not affected by the condition.
Example: Effect of DOT’S among regular and irregular patient of TB

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Case-control Study
Case-control studies begin with the outcomes and do not follow
people over time. Researchers choose people with a particular
result (the cases) and interview the groups or check their records
to ascertain what different experiences they had. They compare the
odds of having an experience with the outcome to the odds of
having an experience without the outcome.
Example: Non-use of bicycle helmets and risk of fatal head injury:
a proportional mortality, case-control study
Cross-sectional study(to find prevenlence)
The observation of a defined population at a single point in time’
Example: out of 1000 women of particular area how many having
breast cancer.
Case Reports and Series
A report on a series of patients with an outcome of interest. No
control group is involved.
Example: Students mentoring students in a service-learning
clinical supervision experience: an educational case report

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Example-
Toilet training v/s type of toilet

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Where to publish paper--
SCImago Journal Rank
Web of science
Thomson Reuters
UGC indexed journal

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References—
1. Dodrill CB et al. An objective method for the assessment of psychological
and social problems among epileptics. Epilepsia 2014;21:123-135.
2. Sang-Ahm Lee et al “Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of
QOLIE-10 in Epilepsy Journal of Clinical Neurology / Volume 2 / December,
2006 PN-238-242
3.Davies, J. (2012). Nursing & Health Survival Guide: Evidence-based Practice.
London: Routledge.
4. Polit, D.F., & Cheryl, T.B. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Research – Appraising
Evidence for Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
5. Pooler, A. (2014). An Introduction to Evidence-based Practice in Nursing &
Healthcare. New York: Routledge.
6. Thyer, B.A. (2004). What is Evidence-Based Practice? Brief Treatment and
Crisis Intervention, 4(2), 167-176.
7. Web Resources Clinical Trials Registry-India. Available from:
http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/login.php
8. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization. Available from:
http://www.cdsco.nic.in/forms/ Default.aspx

36. DISCUSSION
12/20/2019 CHARUSAT, MTIN 36

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Thank You

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