2. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Introduction to Database
File-Based Approach
Each program defines and manages
its own data
Limitation
Separation and isolation of data
Duplication of data
Data dependence
Incompatibility of files
Fixed queries/proliferation of application program
Database Approach
A shared collection of logically
related data, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization
3. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Database Management System(DBMS)
A software system that enables users to define, create and
maintain the database and provides controlled access to
database
DDL
DML : procedural, non-procedural
Control : security, integrity, concurrency control,
recovery control, user-accessible catalog
Components of the DBMS Environment
Hardware - Software - Data - Procedures - People
4. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Advantages of DBMS
- Control of data redundancy - Economy of scale
- Data consistency - Balance of conflicting requirements
- More information from the same amount of data
- Sharing of data - Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
- Improved data integrity - Increased productivity
- Improved security - Improved maintenance through data
independence
- Enforcement of standards - Increased concurrency
- Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMS
- Complexity, Size, Cost of DBMSs, Additional H/W costs
- Cost of conversion, Performance, Higher impact of a failure
5. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Three-Level Database Architecture
External Level
The users’ view of the database
Conceptual Level
The community view of the database
Internal Level
The physical representation of the database on the computer
6. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Functions of a DBMS
1. Data storage, retrieval, and update
2. A user-accessible catalog
3. Transaction support
4. Concurrency control services
5. Recovery services
6. Authorization services
7. Support for data communication
8. Integrity services
9. Services to promote data independence
10. Utility services
7. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Components of a DBMS
Application
Programs
Queries
Database
Schema
DML
preprocessor
Query
processor
DDL
compiler
Program
object code
Database
manager
Dictionary
manager
Access
methods
File
manager
System
buffers
DBMS
Programmers Users DBA
Database and
system catalog
8. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
History of RDBMS
History of DBMS
1960s - Apollo moon-landing project, GUAM
mid 1960s - IMS by IBM (hierarchical DBMS)
mid 1960s - IDS by GE (network DBMS)
1965 - CODASYL(Conference on Data
SYStems Language)
1967 -DBTG(Data Base Task Group)
1970 - E.F.Codd of the IBM Research Lab.
Late 1970s - System R project at IBM
1980s - commercial relational
DBMS(DB2, Oracle, Informix..)
Now - OODBMS, ORDBMS
9. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Properties of Relations
The relation has a name that is distinct from
all other relation names
Each cell of the relation contains exactly on
atomic value
Each attribute has a distinct name
The values of an attribute are all from the
same domain
The order of attributes has no significance
Each tuple is distinct; there are no duplicate
tuples
The order of tuples has no significance,
theoretically
10. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
When is a DBMS Relational?
Foundational rules
Rule 0 : Foundational rule Rule 12 : Nonsubversion rule
Structural rules
Rule 1 : Information representation Rule 6 : View updateing
Integrity rules
Rule 3 : Systematic treatment of null values Rule 10 : Integrity independance
Data manipulation rules
Rule2 : Guaranteed access Rule 4 : Dynamic online catalog based on the
relational model
Rule5 : Comprehensive data sublanguage Rule7 : High-level insert, update, delete
Data independence rules
Rule8 : Physical data independence Rule 9 : Logical data independence
Rule11 : Distribution independence
11. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Entity-Relationship Modeling
Concepts of the E-R Modeling
Entity Types
An object or concept that is identified by the enterprise as having an
independent existence
Attributes
A property of an entity or a relationship type
Relationship Types
A meaningful association among entity types
12. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Database Language
SQL
1974 - SEQUEL by D.Chamberlin (IBM)
1975 - SQUARE by Boyce (System R project)
1976 - SEQUEL/2 (SQL) by Chamberlin and
Boyce)
late 1970 - SQL(Oracle), QUEL(Ingres)
1982 - Relational Database Language(RDL) :
ANSI
1987 - ISO standard
1989 - Integrity Enhancement Feature (ISO)
1992 - SQL2(SQL92) : ISO
14. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Overview of Oracle Architecture
SGA
Shared SQL Area Database Buffer Cashe
KByte1,200,000 KByte
Redo Log
Buffer
KByte2,100KByte
PMON
LGWR
Data File
Raw Device
Server
USER
ARCH
TL-812
Archive Log Mode(50M)
* Fixed Size :
70 Kbyte
* Variavle Size :
490 MByte
4,000,000 KByte
* Total SGA Size :
1700 Mbyte
DBW0 CKPT
SMON RECO D000 S000 P000
15. B2/6/2 Vashi ,Navi Mumbai, Contact:09892900103/9892900173
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
enquiry@vibrantgroup.co.in
oracle11gtraining.vibranttechnologies.co.in
Where to Get More Information
Vibrant Group:
www.vibrantgroup.co.in
Vibrant Technologies & Computers
www.vibranttechnologies.co.in/technologies.vibrantgroup.co.
in
Vibrant HR Team
www.hr.vibrangroup.co.in