This powerpoint covers the following subtopics:
What is obesity?
Pathogenesis
Burden
Epidemiology of obesity
Assessment of obesity
Consequences of obesity
Prevention and Control
2. Contents
• What is obesity?
• Pathogenesis
• Burden
• Epidemiology of obesity
• Assessment of obesity
• Consequences of obesity
• Prevention and Control
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3. What is obesity?
• Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that may impair
health.
• A body weight higher than the expected weight for a particular age
and sex is referred to as “obesity” and “overweight”
• It is considered as a disease as well as a risk factor for other diseases
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4. Pathogenesis
• Multifactorial
• Most common cause – overnutrition
• Genetic and environmental factors plays a role
• Sedentary habits
• Junk foods
• High fat diet
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5. Burden of Obesity – Global Scenario
• In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older were
overweight.
• Of these, over 650 million adults were obese.
• In the same year, 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were
overweight.
• Overall, 13% of the world’s adult population is obese.
• According to WHO, rates of overweight and obesity are increasing in
both developed and developing countries around the world.
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6. Burden of Obesity – Indian Scenario
• According to Global Nutritional Report 2017, prevalence of obesity
among
• Under five children is 2%
• Adolescents is 13%
• Adult males – 18% are overweight, 2% are obese
• Adult females – 22% are overweight, 5% are obese
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8. Agent factor - Nutrition
• Consuming more quantity of food than required amount leads to
deposition of excess fat in the body.
• QUALITY of food consumed also plays a role.
• Common contributors to obesity
• High sugar foods like ice creams and high fat food
• Protective role
• Salads, whole grains, cereals
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9. Host factors
• Age (old people > young)
• Gender (Females > Males)
• Marital status (Married > Single)
• Geographical distribution (People of Europe, US and Australia have greater risk)
• Physical inactivity (Sedentary lifestyle)
• Education (Less educated > well educated)
• Endocrine disorder (Cushing’s, PCOD, Hypothyroidism, diabetes)
• Psychological state (Stress, depression, anxiety)
• Genetics (Prader Willi Syndrome)
• Lifestyle (Binge eating, fast food, sedentary lifestyle)
• Breast feeding (Formula milk)
• Socioeconomic status (higher strata > lower strata)
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10. Environmental factors
• Seasonal variation (Winters > Summers)
• Food economics
• Social factors (Urban communities more prone to eating junk food)
• Marketing factors
• Physical environment (lack of parks, lack of walking tracks)
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11. Assessment of obesity
*Body Mass Index (Quetelet index)
BMI = Weight(kg)/Height(in meter)2
*Ponderal index = Height (cm)/ Cube root of body weight (kg)
*Broca index = Height(cm) – 100
*Corpulence index = Actual weight/Desirable weight(Should not exceed 1.2)
*Waist Hip ratio:
>1.0 in male and >0.85 in female Abdominal fat accumulation
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13. • For children under 5 years of age:
• Overweight : Weight for height greater than 2 SD above WHO Child Growth
Standards median
• Obesity : Weight for height greater than 3 SD above the WHO Child Growth
Standards median
• For children between 5 years and 19 years:
• Overweight : BMI-for-age greater than 1 SD above the WHO Growth Reference
median
• Obesity : BMI-for-age greater than 2 SD above the WHO Growth Reference
Median
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14. Consequences of obesity
• Major risk factors for
• NCDS like heart disease and stroke
• Musculoskeletal disorders like osteoarthritis knee
• Cancer of endometrium, ovary, breast, prostate, liver, gall bladder, kidney,
colon.
• Limits the ability for physical activity
• Increased incidence of premature deaths and disabilities in adulthood
• Obese children more prone for breathing difficulties, fractures,
hypertension, insulin resistance and depression.
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15. Prevention and Control
• Create enabling and supportive communities
• Choose healthier food choices
• Encourage regular physical activity
• Health education
• Encourage healthy habits
• Discourage unhealthy choices like sweetened beverages, processed
high calorie food
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16. Prevention and Control (cont.)
• Policy level decisions like higher taxes on sugar sweetened beverages
and foods
• Policy and guidelines for nutritional content of foods manufactured
• Restriction of marketing for unhealthy food items specifically
targeting children and adolescents.
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17. Prevention and Control (cont.)
• Any obesity that may have a medical basis should be referred to an
appropriate physician/specialist.
• Referrals includes suspected Diabetes, Cushing’s, hypothyroidism,
PCOD, etc.
• Suspicion should be more in individuals with typical clinical history or
strong family history of such conditions
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