BE&CG.pptx

WHAT IS ETHICS?
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, and is a
branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,
defending and recommending concepts of right and
wrong conduct. The term comes from the Greek
word ethos, which means "character". In philosophy,
ethics studies the moral behavior in humans and
how one should act.

What is Ethics?
Ethics:
• is a branch of philosophy.
• is a normative science because it is concerned with
the norms of human conduct
• as a science, it must follow the same path of logical
reasoning as other sciences.
• as a science, involves systemizing, defending and
recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.

HISTORY, SOURCE & DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ETHICS

Nature of ethics
 The concept of ethics deals with human beings
only. Only human beings are endorsed with the
freedom of choice.
 The study of ethics has become a set of
systematic knowledge about moral behavior and
conduct; study is a science – a field of social
science.
 Ethics is a normative science –concerned with an
judgment of ‘what ought to be’
 Ethics deals with human conduct which is
voluntary and not forced by persons or
circumstances. Eg: a cold blooded murder.

Nature of ethics
 Business ethics is nothing but the application
of ethics in business.
 Business ethics can be, and has been, ethical
and can still make profits.
 More interests shown today in the application
of ethical practices in business dealings and
the ethical implications.
 Profit maximization and discharging of social
responsibilities at the maximum limit cannot be
done simultaneously as they are at the
opposite ends.

Nature of ethics
 By introducting advanced technology to
replace occupations of age-old inhabitants is
an ethical dilemma. Many managerial
decisions have ethical implications and these
decisions give rise to managerial dilemmas.

Scope of ethics
 BE is simply applying the basics principle of
ethics to the field of business.
 short-cuts can bring benefits in the short run
but only good values bring long run and
sustainable results.
 BE is not just the compliance to law. One firm
can observe the law but can be unmindful of
fair practices. Eg contract labour
 The business ethics programmes and policies
should be top driven.

Scope of ethics
 BE is not just related to an individual but to the
whole organization. It is concerned with a
group that involves in all activities of
businesses line production, purchase selling,
financing and management.
 BE is shifting the focus from shareholders to
stakeholders. Holistic and benefits all.

What is Business Ethics?
Business ethics is the application of
general ethical ideas to business
behavior.
It is based on the principle of integrity and fairness
and concentrates on the benefits to the
stakeholders, both internal and external.
Stakeholder includes those individuals and groups
without which the organization does not have an
existence. It includes shareholders, creditors,
employees, customers, dealers, vendors,
government and the society.

Definitions of business ethics
 In the simplest term ,business ethics are moral
(principles that define right and wrong
behavior) in the world of business. What
constitutes right and wrong behavior in
business is determined by the public interest
groups, and business organization, as well as
an individual’s personal morals and values.

Characteristics of business
ethics
 Each and every person is individually
responsible for the ethical or unethical decisions.
The way in which the person is brought up, the
values learnt and the working atmosphere decides
the ethical standards of people. Many times
uneducated people are more ethical than so
called the educated class.
 Ethical decisions are voluntary in nature and
people have the freedom of choice and free will.
The conscience of people may vary from time to
time and place to place. The choice is left to the
individual. It is the free will that makes the
successful implementation of ethical standards
and practices.

ethics
 Ethical decisions may vary from person to
person time to time and place to place. Due to
social economic changes the ethical decisions
also change. What is considered good now will
be considered bad at another point of time. Eg
customer care
 Ethical decisions affect a widespread way. Like
the stakeholders, employees and customers.
These ethical decisions spread to other firms
across the region, nation and even the globe.

ethics
 Ethical decisions involves a trade off between
the cost and benefits received. Some
decisions may be costly in the short run but
will be beneficial in the long run.
 The effects of Ethical decisions cannot be
predicted as it changes from time to time. As
the decisions are taken by taking into
consideration various factors.(population ,buss
pracs).Eg disclosure norms(traditional vs
modern)

ethics
 The lower level management are pressurized
to compromise their ethical standards. Many
young people join the business organizations
with great ideas but fail in the long run.
 In most organizations people experience
ethical dilemmas. Happens when values
conflicts.
 ETHICS has to taught to the managers at
corporate doors. Given opportunities to
analyze various situations. Which will boost
the moral climate of the organization.

Principles of Professional Ethics
The basic principles people are expected to
follow in their professional career are the
following:
• Impartiality: Objectivity;
• Trustworthiness and honesty;
• Openness: Full Disclosure;
• Confidentiality: Trust;
• Due Diligence (careful and persistent work or effort) : Duty of
care;
• Fidelity to professional responsibilities; and
• Avoiding potential or apparent conflict of interest

Principles of Personal Ethics
Personal ethics refer to the application of
values in everything one does.
Principles of personal ethics include:
1. Concern for the well being of others;
2. Respect for the autonomy of others;
3. Trustworthiness and honesty;
4. Willing compliance to law;
5. Basic justice: being fair;
6. Refusing to take unfair advantage;
7. Benevolence: doing good; and
8. Preventing harm to any creature.

What is not Business Ethics?
1. Ethics is different from religion
2. Ethics is not synonymous with law
3. Ethical standards are different from cultural
traits
4. Ethics is different from feelings
5. Ethics is not a science in the strictest sense of
the term
6. Ethics is not just a collection of values

Code of Conduct and Ethics for
Managers
 Managers must observe the following
ethical values while performing their duties:
• Impartiality
• Responsiveness to public interest
• Accountability
• Honesty
• Transparency
• Integrity

Importance of business
ethics
 Social concern: any business operating in a
business has a moral responsibility of giving back to
society in terms of welfare schemes and projects. No
society can afford to be greedy. No business can be
called an island. Business is a part and parcel of any
society.
 Social responsibility: refers to a firms obligation to
maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and to
minimize its negative impact. There are four areas of
social responsibility, economical, legal, ethical and
philanthropic. At the basic level, business firms have
an economic responsibility to be viable and profitable
so that all stakeholders are rewarded. Adherence to
legal practices promotes welfare to all. Ethical
principles provide a foundation for the best practices
of business.

ethics
 Avoidance of whistle blowing-
 refers to the act of employee's who to the
public with complaints of corruption or
mismanagement in business organization.
Every employee has certain expectations to be
fulfilled by the organization.
when an employee feels that something is
unfair in the organization, he nurses
grievance. Effective handling of grievance is
an ethical act. The management should feel
the pulse of the employees.

ethics
 Value in business: business ethics promotes good
business by generating support both within and
outside the organization. All the stakeholders develop
a legitimate interest in the growth and development of
business. Business ethics add value because its
effects are felt by all the shareholders.
 Improves organizational effectiveness: during the
process of the growth, the organizations experience
different challenges and problems. Every problem
should not be considered as an ethical challenge and
every challenge should add a learning curve to the
organization. Ethical organizations promote standard
training for the staff including time management and
effective communication. Ethics offers holistic
approach to business development.

ethics
 Healthy competition: business ethics offers
competitive guidelines so that all the firms can follow
good business practices. There is lesser room for
exploitation of either the customer or the employees.
In short, business is a cooperative activity and ethical
behavior alone can promote an ideal co-operative
behavior.
 Benefit for stakeholders: originally business was
meant to bring good returns only to investors. In
modern times the importance of all the stakeholders
has been recognized from the ethical angle. Apart
from shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers
and the members of the community should be
benefitted. Real type situations (Tata Steel and Infosys)
show that use of ethical practices in business creates
high returns for companies.

ARGUMENTS FOR BUSINESS
ETHICS
It is said that good business ethics promotes
good business. A highly ethical and integrated
organization can get the following benefits.
 CREATES RAPPORT WITH PUBLIC- highly
ethical and integrated organization is honored
and respected by public even if they have
intimate knowledge of its actual working.
Indian chambers of commerce towards the
companies which reflect their sense of
responsibility towards the society.

ETHICS
 DEVELOP MUTUAL FAITH BETWEEN
MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYESS: in an
highly ethical organization employees bring
together leadership and efficiency to achieve
common goals. They feel satisfied and a
sense of oneness. So when the management
knows how their employees think and how
they react to a situation accordingly they set
the framework.

ETHICS
 ECONOMIC SUCCESS AND
DEVELOPMENT-Economic consideration are
very important for an organization to service.
To sustain profits in the long run, organisations
must have a sound ethical base. Ethical
conduct of business leads to development and
success.following ethical principle may not
bring good results in the short term but they
will surely have positive impact in the long run.
Eg: eco friendly products

ETHICS
 POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES- ethics in
business develops trust and lays foundation
for relationship development and positive
future interactions. Every business depends
on acceptance of rules, mutual trust and
fairness, ethical business is regarded as good
business. Whereas unethical business
practices cause trouble to the business and
the people in one way or the other. Adopting
ethical behavior in an organization not only
increases its goodwill but also it leads to
positive consequences in the long run.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST
BUSINESS ETHICS
Following are some of the arguments against
business ethics:
 Perfectly competitive markets ensure
social benefits: in a perfectly competitive
market every business concern will produce
what is required by the society and will do it
with most efficient resources to stay in
competion.so there is no need to forcibly
ethical values in business.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST
BUSINESS ETHICS
 Manager’s obligation towards the company: it has
been stated that the managers should work for the
best interest of the company and not pursue any other
consideration on ethical grounds. More concentration
should be given towards the financial interest of the
business and not to be sidelined by doing good to the
society.
 Ethics versus profitability: business exits to make
profits and when ethics conflict with profit, business
always chooses profits over ethics. Discussion about
business ethics often brings forward the dilemma of
ethics versus profitability. Therefore it is a war or at
least a trade off in which you can only have more of
one at the expense of the other.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST
BUSINESS ETHICS
 Business ethics is merely restricted to
obeying the laws-another argument is that
businessmen take ethics as an act to follow
the law. As its know law and ethics are not
identical. When business firms restricted
themselves to just abiding law they can be
legally right but they may not be ethically right
and morally responsible.

Factors influencing business
ethics
 Leadership: business is all about the
interaction of the
customers,suppliers,employess,financiers and
managers. Greater the effectiveness of
interaction ,higher is the success. An effective
leadership is very much required for the
success of business. If a leader is strong and
follows good skills, he will attain success in his
goals. A value based leader can lead others on
the basis of sound values and effective
processes. For e.g. Johnson and Johnson
responded to the Tylenol incident after it held a
series of challenge meeting all around the

ethics
 Strategy and performance: Ethics is closely related
to the strategy followed by the business organization.
An ideal strategy should not be limited to generate
revenue only. Corporate governance is the formal
system of accountability and control of ethical
decisions involving the use of resources. Business
ethics and accountability are given equal importance
in the board of directors meeting. Accountability of
organizational decisions begin with strategic mission
and vision. Many investors believe in stockholders
model of corporate governance. The stockholder
model follows a strategy of social investing in terms of
which social and ethical criteria are integrated in
investment decision.

ethics
 Environmental ethics: Business ethics is
also divided by a type of environment in which
a business organizations situated .There are
two aspects of environment, namely external
and internal. Internal environment refers to all
aspects like vision, mission, power structure
and other related matters, External
environment refers to elements which are
outside the organization like government
policy, monetary policy, fiscal policy, general
economical conditions and labour standards,
These factors influence business ethical
practices.

ethics
 Corporate culture: varies from company and
time to time. It all depends on the nature of the
leader, the competition should be healthy
based on the fair rules. A good corporate
culture should take care of its shareholders
employees and customers.
culture is a body of learnt beliefs, traditions
and guides for behavior among the members
of the organization. Corporate culture includes
norms, physical setting, modes of dress,
special language.
Eg: Zappos, Twitter ,Google

ethics
Corporations are paying attention to ethical
programmes. An ethical programme consists of
the rules and policies of an organization by
motivating ethical performances. Rules and
policies are framed for orientation ,training,
compensation, promotion and auditing.
 Individual characteristics: the individual
characteristics influence the ethical behavior.
Many ethical issues are related to individuals.
Some are extremely ethical while some are
extremely unethical and most are between these
two extremes.

Types of ethics
 TRANSACTIONAL ETHICS: man is a social
animal. He has to act and react with others
through different transactions. The practice of
ethics in all these transactions is called as
transactional ethics. All involved parties should
reciprocate ethical practices. The common
good ethical interests are binding all the
people. It is a win-win approach from all
prospective. Eg doctor’s treatment.

Types of ethics
 PARTICIPATORY ETHICS: it is an important part of
business ethics. Guided by common good, all the
participations follow some ethical practices .The
important features of participatory ethics are:
1. All the parties like consumers producers and
employees maintain some basic ethical standards.
2. The level of participation depends on the degree
of motivation in a society.
3. Participation comes from external forces and inner
commitment. This can take place only through the
process of creating ethical awareness.

Contined…..
4. The level of participation has to be watched by all the
groups leading to mutual checks and balances. Special
attention has to be given to the least powerful and
marginalized sections of societies contribution made by
a corporation for city developments(like housing
facilities, roads etc)
5. The growth of participation indicates the level of social
development. It is the growth of solidarity in an angle of
indidividualism(the belief that the needs of each person
are more important than the needs of the whole society
or group). Many social economical problems of
developed countries are solved by the ethical practices.
Example ford foundation.

Types of ethics
Recognition ethics
 As human beings people are endowed with
the ability to understand the problems of
others. This quality leads to recognition of
individuals, institutions and societies,
conflicting situations can be solved by the
correct recognition of the situation. This
requires the correct perspective and empathy.
The strong is helping the weak. The learned is
helping the lesser learned. The experienced is
helping the new entrant. Compensation is
given to the victims.

Types of ethics
 Meta-ethics –seeks to understand the nature
of ethical properties, statements, attitudes and
judgments. Generally recognised by
philosophers.
 Normative Ethics-
Study of ethical actions. Studies the rightness
and wrongness of actions. It investigates the set
of questions that arise when considering how
one ought to act.
Perspective ethics

Types of ethics
 Applied Ethics
Concerned with what people should believe to
be right and wrong.
Morally correct course of action in various fields
of human life.
 Descriptive Ethics
Study of ethical theories that prescribe how
people ought to act.
Study of people’s belief on morality

Moral and ethics
 Moral deal with the right behavior of individuals
ethics deals with the right character in the given
situation. Both are closely related to each other,
some of the basic morals like helping others
treating all equally and not cheating others are
converted in terms of good business practices.
 Morals from the foundation of the ethics which can
be applied to business. The following agreements
reveal the relationship between morals and ethics
 1. All moral standards aim at the development of
positive standards. Ethical standards aim at the
betterment at the ethical practices in the
organization.

Moral and ethics
 2. If the moral standards are not followed, there
will be serious an disastrous consequences like
crimes, corruption and fraud. If ethical standards
are not adopted there will be fall in the values and
decline in the efficiency of business enterprises
 3. Both moral and ethical standards can be
established only with the active and sincere
participation of the people.
 4. Both moral and ethics give more priority to
public welfare rather than private welfare, both
strongly hold the view that society should over-
ride self-interest. A balance has to strike between
ethical demand and strategic interests.

Moral and ethics
 Both morale and ethical standards are based
on impartial considerations bringing long term
benefits. Both discourages short-term gains
and partial benefits.

CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
 According to Business for Social Responsibility
(BSR), corporate social responsibility is defined as
“Achieving commercial success in ways that
honor ethical values and respect people,
communities and the natural environment.”
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) also called
corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship,
responsible business and corporate social
opportunity is a concept whereby organizations
consider the interests of society by taking
responsibility for the impact of their activities on
customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders,
communities and other stakeholders, as well as
the environment.

Definition
According to Business for Social Responsibility
(BSR), corporate social responsibility is
defined as “Achieving commercial success in
ways that honor ethical values and respect
people, communities and the natural
environment.”

Definition
 Lord Holme and Richard watts,
”CSR is the continuing commitment by
business to behave ethically and contribute to
economic developmet while improving the
quality of the workforce and their families as
well as of the local community and society at
large”

Six areas of Ethics
 EMPLOYEES
 COMMUNITY
 PROVIDERS
 ENVIRONMENT
 CONSUMERS
 GOVERNMENT

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
INITIATIVES BY COMPANIES
 ITC has been indulged in activities in rural sector
by helping the tribes to use their waste land into
productive land. It has also invested in projects
like rain water harvesting and empowering rural
women by helping them evolve into
entrepreneurs.
 ITC contributes Re 1 towards CSR that supports
primary education and they use wood free fine
papers.
 Ford India partnered with Ahmadabad Ngo saath
charitable trust providing safe drinking water to
nearly 1500 children between the ages of 3 to 6
covering eighteen villages in sanand, Gujarat.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES
BY COMPANIES
 Tata motors have introduced scholarship program vidyadhanam
which supports 211 students. Out of these students 132 students
are from marginalized sections of the society. These students get
books copies and other study materials. As a part of world
environment day celebration, Tata motors initiated a huge tree
plantation drive across India and countries in SAARC region, Africa,
Middle East and Russia.
 In 2012 Infosys launched project genesis where it successfully
trained more than 100000 students to enhance their level of
employability in the IT industry.
 In 2013 coal India limited sanctioned 16.5 crore to government of
Jammu and Kashmir for construction of trauma centre.

 HSBC, Max New York life and standard
chartered bank encouraged their customers to
use e-statements and receipts.
 IBM has joined hands with tribal development
of Gujarat for a development project aimed at
upliftment of tribal in the sasan area gir forest.
The government is planning to set up a theme
resort and provide employment to sasan
tribes.

Need for CSR
 Societal approach is very important to
business organizations, which demand that
they should be responsive to the social
problem of the society.
 To establish a good corporate image, business
org include CSR as corporate objective.
 Collaborative agreement.(sathyam)
 Legal provisions (environmental and
environmental laws)

Need for CSR
 Tax exemptions (NGO’S)
 Enhancing business image
 To position their products better and increase
their market share.
 Natural calamities and natural
disasters.(compensations and donations) Eg.
bhopal gas tragedy US$470 million
 Organization culture eg: Tata

AUGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF
CSR
 Business is a creation of the society and therefore
it should respond to the demands.
 The self interest of business id best served by
meeting the aspirations of the society.
long term interest is best served with CSR.
People who have good environment, education and
opportunity make better employees and
customers.
 To improve the public image of the company.
 It is a moral thing to do- if social responsibility is
not assumed it will be take away by the society
through the government.

AUGUMENTS AGAINST CSR
 Responsibility of the government
 Conflicting consideration of private market
mechanism and social responsibility
 Disregard of market mechanism-less attention
is paid in the allocation of the resources
 Arbitrary power to businessmen- power in
terms of allocation of resources in the welfare
of the society. And it’s a government
responsibility where the businessmen need
not interfere.

CSR issue of management
 Improved customer attention-
Ethical conduct of the buss exerts a growing
influence on the purchasing decisions of the
customers.
 Rising investor stress-
Most of the organizations look into the ethical
aspects of the organization before making an
investment.
 The decreasing responsibility of the
government

CSR issue of management
 Demand for greater -disclosure-from the
stakeholders.(suppliers,customeers,
government etc)
 Aggressive labour market-employees look
beyond paychesks.Hence organizations
should are forced to improve their working
conditions.

UNDER SEC 135 OF THE
COMPANIES ACT 2013
 Net worth of five hundred crores or turnover of
one thousand crores or net profit of rupees five
crores in any financial year should have CSR
committee.
 Consisting of three directors one being a
independent director.
 It is compulsory is spend 2% every financial
year of the average net profit of the company
made during the 3 immediately preceding
financial years.

UNDER SEC 135 OF THE
COMPANIES ACT 2013
 Preference to the local area and the areas
around which the company operates.
 If the company fails to spend on CSR activities
it(board) should specify the reasons for not
spending.

Crisis management
 Crisis management is a systematic approach
that engages the whole organization in efforts
to avert crisis that may affect the organization.
(OR)
 CM also refers to the application of strategies
considered to help an organization agreement
with a sudden and significant event.

Crisis management
 The objective being to take timely decisions under extraordinary
conditions.
 And limit damage to the company in all aspects possible.
 Crisis management is both proactive(more ethical) and reactive
(not much ethical will try to avoid the responsibility as much as
possible).
 Proactive behavior aims at identification and exploitation
of opportunities and in taking action against
potential problems and threats, whereas reactive behavior
focuses on fighting a fire or solving a problem after it occurs.
 Crisis is more devastating than natural disaster or technological
disruption.

Crisis management
Companies develop crisis management
plans:-
 To respond to and recover from natural
disorders.
 Prepare for ethical disaster
 Result not only in substantial legal and
financial costs.
 Disrupt routine operations.
 Paralyze employees and reduce production.
 Destroy organization reputation.
 Erode stakeholder confidence.

Crisis management
Areas of concern that some companies identify
potential risks and liability in contingency planning
for crisis management:
 Ethic/sexual harassment -35%
 Regulatory violation-39%
 Criminal conduct-36%
 Fraud -37%
 Unethical behavior -36%
 Unlawful discrimination-

Crisis management
 Falsifying records 39%
 Criminal charges -41%
 Deceiving charges -42%
 Public relation disaster-44%
 Bribery-45%

Crisis management
Crisis management best practices include:-
 Planning in detail for response to as many
potential crisis as possible.
 Establishing monitoring systems and practices
to detect early warning signals of any
foreseeable crisis.
 Establishing and training a crisis management
team or selecting an external crisis
management firm with a proven track record in
your business area.

Crisis management
 Involving as many stakeholders as possible in
all planning and action stage.

Steps to prepare for crisis
management
 Clustering the type of crisis- foreseeable and
unforeseeable types of crisis. Three types
Those that the organization is ready to handle
Those which need a preparation to manage
Those which do not need preparation to manage.
 Proactive decisions and actions- can help
organizations avoid the types of crisis that pose
the most devastating threats. Well prepared
organizations formulate strategies for preparing,
enhancing and even developing new innovative
options for dealing with the unexpected.

management
 Identify organizations strengths and
weakness
Once the organization decides on the area of
crisis to prepare for, it should assess how well
it is positioned to deal with them.
 Availability of resources
Human skills, capital, competencies,
technologies, capital resources to manage
different kinds of incidents.

management
 Evaluating existing policies and system
Org must consider if the existing strategies
,structures and policies would facilitate their
response to crisis. lookout for gaps and
misalignments that might be hazardous.
 To assess organization culture
Conflict between the organization’s culture and
the value in practice.

management
 To detect early
The earlier the crisis is detected the easier it is
manage.
The challenges for the leaders are:
To create the means that will allow them to
quickly see the first signals of crisis and their
source.
To separate valid warnings from others harmless
warnings.

Crisis management
A systematic crisis management approach can
expand the competence through the practice
of clear thinking, the smooth channeling of
resources and information access.

Examples of crisis management
 The Pepsi Corporation faced a crisis in 1993,
which was successfully managed by the company.
 n 1993, claims of syringes being found in cans of
diet Pepsi were made.  Company urged
stores not to remove the product from shelves
while it had the cans and the situation
investigated.
 Pepsi released videos and made public, showing
the production process to demonstrate that such
tampering was impossible within their factories.
 Crisis was managed through effective
communication.

Examples of crisis management
 Bhopal gas tragedy
 Sathyam scam
 Tsunami
 Kingfisher
 EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

Issues in management
Root causes of unethical behavior
 Maximization of profit
 Ethics considered only a voluntary
responsibility
 Deliberate mishandling
 Less opportunity of whistle blower
 Pressure from stakeholder
 Corruption
 Lack of social responsibility and integrity

Emerging ethical issues in
business
Ethics in accounting information
 Creative accounting –misleading financial
statements
 Insider trading(Martha steward) and security
fraud
Executive
 BRIBERY,KICKBACKS

business
ETHICS OF HUMAN RESOURCE
MANAGEMEN
 Discrimination
 Privacy of employe
 Whistle blowing eg. Dinesh thakur from
ranbaxy
 Occupation safety and health

business
Ethics in sales and marketing
 Pricing: price discriminatiom, price skimmimg
 Anti competitive practice- dumping
 Contents of advertisement
 Children and marketing
 Black markets and grey markets iphone 6
 Surrogate advertisements eg bacardy soda

business
Ethics on production
 Dangerous products (tobacco and alcohol)
 Pollutions
 Genetically modified food and radiations from
mobile phones
 Animal rights and animals testing

business
Ethics in intellectual property rights
 Patent copyright and trademark infringement
 Employee raiding
 Business intelligence – converting raw data to
new data
 Industrial espionage –spying on competitors
P&G and Unilever

business
International business ethics
 Biopiracy eg neem and turmeric
 Transfer pricing
 Use of child labour- fifa football
 Outsourcing back end or desk jobs to low
wage countries

business
Influencing government tender processes so that
your family members and friends are awarded
state contracts;
Abusing your position within a government
department to ensure your friends and family
members are hired into the same department;
Accepting bribes in order to disclose confidential
information about the government department
that you work for;

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