3. Tissue culture:
◦ Tissue culture is also known as
MICROPROGATION Or vitro culture.
◦ The growing of plants Cells, tissue, Organs,
Seeds or others plants Parts in Sterile
environment On a nutrition.
• This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid,
semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such
as plant tissue culture being used for
plants. Broth and Agar.
• Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture
of animal cells and tissues, with the more
specific term plant tissue culture being used
for plants.
4. ◦ Tissue culture was made in 1885 by German
zoologist Wilhelm Roux who cultivated tissue from a
chick embryo in a warm salt solution.
◦ The first real success came in 1907, however, when American
zoologist Ross G. Harrison demonstrated the growth of
frog nerve cell processes in a medium of clotted lymph.
◦ French surgeon Alexis Carrel and his assistant Montrose
Burrows subsequently improved upon Harrison’s technique,
reporting their initial advances in a series of papers
published in 1910–11. Carrel and Burrows coined the
term tissue culture and defined the concept.
5. ◦Tissue culture, a method of
biological research in which fragments
of tissue from an animal or plant are
transferred to an artificial environment in
which they can continue to survive and
function.
◦ The cultured tissue may consist of a
single cell, a population of cells, or a
whole or part of an organ.
◦ Cells in culture may multiply; change
size, form, or function; exhibit specialized
activity (muscle cells, for example, may
contract); or interact with other cells.
6. Preparation:
◦ To initiate a culture, a tiny sample of the tissue is dispersed on or in
the medium, and the flask, tube, or plate containing the culture is then
incubated, usually at a temperature close to that of the tissue’s normal
environment.
◦ Sterile conditions are maintained to prevent contamination with
microorganisms. Cultures are sometimes started from single cells,
resulting in the production of uniform biological populations
called clones
◦ Single cells typically give rise to colonies within 10 to 14 days of being
placed under culture conditions.
7. There are two main types of cultures:
◦ Primary (mortal) cultures and cultures of established
(immortal) cell lines.
◦ Primary cultures consist of normal cells, tissues, or organs
that are excised directly from tissue collected by biopsy from
a living organism.
◦ Primary cultures are advantageous in that they essentially
model the natural function of the cell, tissue, or organ under
study.
◦ However, the longer the samples are maintained in culture,
the more mutations they accumulate, which can lead to
changes in chromosome structure and cell function.
8. Type of tissue culture
◦PLANT TISSUE CULTURE.
◦ANIMAL TISSUE CULTURE.
11. ◦ The production of exact copies of plants that produce particularly good flowers,
fruits, or have other desirable traits.
◦ To quickly produce mature plants.
◦ The production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or necessary
pollinators to produce seeds.
◦ The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically
modified.
◦ The production of plants in sterile containers that allows them to be moved with
greatly reduced chances of transmitting diseases, pests, and pathogens.
◦ The production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances of
germinating and growing, i.e. orchids and Nepenthes.
◦ To clean particular plants of viral and other infections and to quickly multiply
these plants as 'cleaned stock' for horticulture and agriculture.
16. Animal tissue culture
◦Animal tissue culture products depends on
their efficacy, cost effectiveness and the
potential for scale-up.
◦ Recent and current advances in tissue
culture science have enhanced the
complexity in the design of biomaterials
which have either been proposed or utilized
to grow animal cells.
17. ◦ Many products of biotechnology (such as viral vaccines)
are fundamentally dependent on mass culturing of
animal cell lines. Although many simpler proteins are
being produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more
complex proteins that are glycosylated (carbohydrate-
modified) currently have to be made in animal cells.
◦ At present, cell culture research is aimed at investigating
the influence of culture conditions on viability,
productivity, and the constancy of post-translational
modifications such as glycosylation, which are
important for the biological activity of recombinant
proteins.
◦ Biologicals produced by recombinant DNA (rDNA)
technology in animal cell cultures include anticancer
agents, enzymes, immunobiologicals [interleukins,
18. ◦ 1.The study of basic cell biology, cell cycle mechanisms, specialized cell
function, cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions.
◦ 2.Toxicity testing to study the effects of new drugs.
◦ 3.Gene therapy for replacing nonfunctional genes with functional gene-carrying
cells.
◦ 4.The characterization of cancer cells, the role of various chemicals, viruses,
and radiation in cancer cells.
◦ 5.Production of vaccines, mABs, and pharmaceutical drugs.
◦ 6.Production of viruses for use in vaccine production (e.g., chicken pox, polio,
rabies, hepatitis B, and measles).
19. ◦ The commercial production of plants used as potting, landscape, and
florist subjects, which uses meristem and shoot culture to produce large
numbers of identical individuals.
◦ To conserve rare or endangered plant species.
◦ A plant breeder may use tissue culture to screen cells rather than plants
for advantageous characters, e.g. herbicide resistance/tolerance.
◦ Large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture in bioreactors for
production of valuable compounds, like plant-derived secondary
metabolites and recombinant proteins used as biopharmaceuticals.[8]
◦ To cross distantly related species by protoplast fusion and regeneration
of the novel hybrid.
◦ To rapidly study the molecular basis for physiological, biochemical, and
reproductive mechanisms in plants, for example in vitro selection for
stress tolerant plants.
20. ADVANTAGE:
◦The new plantlets can be grown in a short amount of
time.
◦Only a small amount of initial plant tissue is required.
◦The new plantlets and plants are more likely to be free of
viruses and diseases.
◦The process is not dependant on the seasons and can be
done throughout the year.
21. Disadvantages:
◦ Tissue Culture can require more labor and cost more money.
◦ There is a chance that the propagated plants will be less
resilient to diseases due to the type of environment they are
grown in.
◦ It is imperative that, before being cultured, the material is
screened; failure to pick up any abnormalities could lead to
the new plants
◦ There is still a chance that the process triggers a secondary
metabolic chemical reaction, and the new explants or cells' growth
gets stunted, or even die off.
◦ tissue culture is not a guarantee. There is still a chance that
the process triggers a secondary metabolic chemical reaction,
and the new explants or cells' growth gets stunted, or even die
off.
