39. Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction
• A Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is a reaction to endotoxin-like products
released by the death of harmful microorganisms within the body
during antibiotic treatment. Efficacious antimicrobial therapy results in lysis
(destruction) of bacterial cell membranes, and in the consequent release into
the bloodstream of bacterial toxins, resulting in a systemic inflammatory
response.
• The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is classically associated with penicillin
treatment of syphilis.
• It usually manifests within a few hours of the first dose of antibiotic
as fever, chills, rigor, hypotension, headache, tachycardia, hyperventilation,
vasodilation with flushing, myalgia (muscle pain), exacerbation of skin
lesions and anxiety. The intensity of the reaction indicates the severity
of inflammation. Reaction commonly occurs within two hours of
drug administration, but is usually self-limiting.
40. Chancroid
•Haemophilus ducreyi
1.the patient has one or more painful genital ulcers;
2. the clinical presentation, appearance of genital ulcers and, if present,
regional lymphadenopathy are typical for chancroid;
3.the patient has no evidence of T. pallidum infection by darkfield
examination of ulcer exudate or by a serologic test for syphilis performed
at least 7 days after onset of ulcers; and
4.an HSV PCR test or HSV culture performed on the ulcer exudate is
negative.
MMWR / June5,2015 / Vol.64 / No.3
42. Chancroid Treatment
• If treatment is successful, ulcers usually improve symptomatically within 3 days and
objectively within 7 days after therapy.
• The time required for complete healing depends on the size of the ulcer; large ulcers
might require >2 weeks.
MMWR / June5,2015 / Vol.64 / No.3
43. Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
•intracellular gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella granulomatispainless,
•slowly progressive ulcerative lesions on the genitals or perineum without
regional lymphadenopathy; subcutaneous granulomas (pseudobuboes) also
might occur.
•The lesions are highly vascular (i.e., beefy red appearance) and bleed.
•Extragenital infection can occur with extension of infection to the pelvis, or
it can disseminate to intra-abdominal organs, bones, or the mouth
53. Epididymitis
•Acute epididymitis is a clinical syndrome consisting of pain, swelling, and
inflammation of the epididymis that lasts <6 weeks .
•Among sexually active men aged <35 years, acute epididymitis is most frequently
caused by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae.
•Acute epididymitis caused by sexually transmitted enteric organisms (e.g.,
Escherichia coli) also occurs among men who are the insertive partner during anal
intercourse.
•In men aged ≥35 years who do not report insertive anal intercourse, sexually
transmitted acute epididymitis is less common. In this group, the epididymis usually
becomes infected in the setting of bacteriuria secondary to bladder outlet obstruction
(e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia).
•Chronic epididymitis is characterized by a ≥6 week history of symptoms of
discomfort and/or pain in the scrotum, testicle, or epididymis. Chronic infectious
epididymitis is most frequently seen in conditions associated with a granulomatous
reaction; Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).
MMWR / June5,2015 / Vol.64 / No.3
55. Trichomoniasis
• Some infected men have symptoms of urethritis, epididymitis, or prostatitis, and some
infected women have vaginal discharge that might be diffuse, malodorous, or yellow-
green with or without vulvar irritation.
• However, most infected persons (70%–85%) have minimal or no symptoms, and
untreated infections might last for months to years.
MMWR / June5,2015 / Vol.64 / No.3
56. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
• A diagnosis of Candida vaginitis is
suggested clinically by the presence
of external dysuria and vulvar
pruritus, pain, swelling, and redness.
• Signs include vulvar edema, fissures,
excoriations, and thick curdy vaginal
discharge.
MMWR / June5,2015 / Vol.64 / No.3
60. Pediculosis pubis
(Pubic Lice)
•Lice feed on human blood and cause intense itching in affected
areas.
•Pubic lice usually live on pubic hair and are spread through sexual
contact. In rare cases, they can be found in eyelashes, armpit hair,
and facial hair.
•Pubic lice are often smaller than body and head lice.
•Pubic lice are typically transmitted through intimate contact,
including sexual intercourse. It’s also possible to catch pubic lice by
using the blankets, towels, sheets, or clothing of people who have
pubic lice.
•You can usually diagnose yourself by thoroughly examining your
pubic area.
MMWR / June5,2015 / Vol.64 / No.3
61. Getting Rid of Pubic Lice
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62. Getting Rid of Pubic Lice
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