1. S.P.C. Govt. College Ajmer.
2022-2023
M.Sc. Chemistry Sem. 3rd
Student’s Name – Megha Palariya
Environmental Chemistry Seminar
2. Topic- Water Parameters &Treatment
Content
Introduction
Types of Water
Quality of Water
Physical Parameters
Chemical Parameters
Drinking Water Treatment
Drinking Water Treatment Plant
Refrences
3. Introduction~
Water is a vital natural resource which is essential for
multiplicity of purposes, like drinking,agriculture,power
generation ,transportation and waste disposal. In the chemical
process industrial water is used as a reaction media a solvent or
scrubbing medium and a heat transfer agent. As a source of life
for man, plants and animals it cannot be replaced by any other
solvent.
The chief sources of water are rain water,sea water,ground
water and surface water.
4. Types of water
• Chemical water~ Pure combination of H2O
• Portable water~ Doesn’t contain harmful substance, it is fit for
drinking that is free from objectionable tastes,odors,colors&
turbidity.
• Palatable water~ Aesthetically good Appearance wise
• Polluted water~ Water which Contains harmful but doesn’t contain
pathogens
• Wholesome water~ Water which is chemically not pure but doesn’t
contain harmful substance
• Contaminated water~ Water which contains pathogens disease
causing microorganisms
• Mineral water~ Water which contains minerals like Fe,Ca,Mn in a
permissible limit
5. Quality of water There are 3 parameters to measure the
quality of water.
Physical Chemical Biological
• Algae and Phtoplankton.
• Total Solids
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Hardness
• Presnece of different chemicals
• Turbidity
• Conductivity
• Temperature
• Taste
• Odour
6. Physical parameter~
• Turbidity~ .Turbidity Is expressed as the amount of suspended matter in
mg/liter or ppm.
.The standard unit Is that which is produced by 1 gram of finally divides
siliya in 1leter of Distiled water
.It is due to suspended matter like silt clay organic or inorganic matter.
.due to presence of decay vegetational matter
. due to presence of Algae fungi bacteria protozoa etc.
.Permissible limit: 5-10 ppm
7. • Conductivity~ The total amount of dissolved salts present in water
can be easily estimated by measuring the specific conductivity of
water.
. More the salinity means more will be the conductivity.
.Permissilbe Value: NIL.
• Temperature~ The temperature of water to be supplied should be
between 10℃ -20℃. Temp. greater than 25℃ is highly objectionable.
.Temp. affect the chemical and biological reactions and increase in
temp. Of 10℃, doubles the biological activity.
8. • Taste and Odour~ Taste is .due to dissolved minerals
.due to inorganic salts
Odour is .due to dissolved gases H2S, CO2, NH3 etc.
.due to dissolved organic Vegetational matter.
Both Odour and Taste are inseparable and both are measured in terms of Threshold
Odour Number (TON).
TON= A+B/A
Where A- Volume of Raw Water Sample
B-Volume of distilled water sample which is used for
dilution
Permissible Value of TON: 1-3
Now a days odour is measured by a sensitive instrument known as ‘Osmoscope’.
9. Chemical Parameters~
Total Solids~ The term solid refers to thr matter that remains as residue
upon evaporation. Total solids include both dissolved solids and suspended
solids.potable Water contain mineral matters in dissolved whereas industrial
effluents and sewage contain huge amount of undissolved matter.
Dissolved solids= Total Solids – Suspended Solids
As per indian standard, Permissible limit of total dissolved solids= 500-1000
ppm
pH~ pH is a measure of hydrogen ion activity is used to express the intensity
of acidic or alkaline condition of a solution.It is also an important factor in
water analysis since it enterns imto the calculation of acidity and alkalinity.
10. • Permissible limit 6.6-8.8
• The pH of a sample can be determined electrometrically,
colorimetrically or by potentiometer
• Alkalinity~Alkalinity of water is due to the presence of carbonate,
bicarbonate and hydroxide ions.
.it is define as quantity of ions of water
that will react to neutralise hydrogen ions.
indicator pH range Original
indicator
Find color
Methyl orange 2.8-4.4 Red yellow
phenophataline 8.6-10.3 yellow red
11. • Hardness~it is defined as concentration of multivalent
metalliccations in solution.
.Multivalent metallic cations most abundant in natural water is Calcium
& Magnesium.
.Other ions which lead to hardness are Fe+ ,Mn+2 but are found in
much smaller quantities and hence for all practical puroposes
hardness is reprensted by the sum of Ca+2 & Mg+2 ions.
.Permissible vlue of total hardness: 75-200ppm.
. if hrdness lies in the range
Range Type of water
Less than 75ppm Soft water
75-200ppm Moderate water
Greater than 200ppm Hard water
12. Presence of different chemical compound~
• Chloride content~ Chloride in water are derived mostly from natural
mineral deposit,agricultural or irrigation discharge.
.Presence of chloride in high quantity indicates pollution of water due
to sewage or industrial water.{which leades to metabolic disorders}
.Chloriden ions are estimated by mohr’s method in which raw water is
titrated with standard AgNO3 solution using K2CrO4 as indicator.
.Permitted vaule of chloride <250ppm.
.Presence of sulphates~are due to industrial effulents & leads to
laxative effect & diarrhoea.
.Permissble value of Sulphates <250ppm.
13. • Presence of lead and arsenic~ leads to accumulation of toxins in
the body tissue.
.Permissible limit: NIL
• Presnece of ferrous and maganese~ leads to decolorization
of clothes,appearnce of stains on clothes.
.Permisssible limit: Fe<0.3ppm
Mn<0.05ppm
• Presnce of copper~its large quantity affects lungs & causes
respiratary problems.
.Permissible limit: 0.05-1.5mg/L.
14. • Fluorides~ excess value {greater than 1.5pm} results in
decolouration of teeth called mottling of teeth .
.Greater concentration of fluoride causes deformation of bones called
bone fluorosis.
.Permissible value: 1-1.5ppm
.Upto 1mg/L helps to prevent dental cavities.
• Dissolved gases~ CH4 kwon for its explosive tendency
.H2S imparts bad taste and odour
.CO2 indicates biological acitivity,imparts bad taste and water becomes
corrosive.
.Permissible value: Nil
15. • Dissolved Oxggen {DO}~ .Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the
most important indicators of water quality. It is essential for the
survival of fish and other aquatic organisms.
.When dissolved oxygen becomes too low, fish and other aquatic
organisms cannot survive.
.Permissible value: 5-10ppm
• Biochemical oxygen demand~ The ammount of oxygen that is
required for the complete decomposition of biodgradeable organic matter
.Permissible value: Nil
