For a farmer, “water saving” is likely to mean using less irrigation water to grow a crop – ideally with the same or higher yield and this presentation we come across different irrigation methods in wheat
3. It is a Rabi crop originated at Middle east
Wheat rank first position in the world among the cereals both in respect of
area and production.
Contributes to the total food grain production of the country to extent of 25%
India –
It contain a spongy protein i.e. gluten
YEAR 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
PRODUCTION(m
.t)
80.8 86.9 93.5 93.5 95.8 88.9
AREA(m.hc) 28.5 23.5 29.9 30.0 30.5 31.0
YIELD/hc 2839 2989 3178 3117 3145 2872
4. The wheat growing parts of India has been divided in the six zone namely
1. Northern hills zone
2. Northern western plain zone
3. Northern eastern plain zone
4. Central zone
5. Peninsular zone
6. Southern hills zone
5. TILLERING : The lateral buds at these nodes give rise to tillers. Tiller initiation takes place 4
weeks after sowing and tillers continue to emerge for another 2 or 3 weeks.
JOINTING STAGE : It represents the node production and active growth period. Upto
thisstage, the seedlings consists of a whorl of leaves. At this jointing stage, the stem
becomesvisible with distinct nodesactor at these stages
CRI : In wheat, the first node of crown is formed near the soil surface irrespective of the depth
of sowing. Crown roots start developing at this node. Depending upon temperature, CRI takes
place 15-21 DAS. Plants at his stage are very sensitive to soil moisture stress. Hence, there is a
need for adequate moisture at this stage.
6. HEADING : This is the stage where the internodes begin to elongate. Flag leaf and
ear emerge towards the end of this stage. Adequate moisture should also be
present in the soil at the heading stage.
GRAIN DEVELOPMENT : It is upto the end of soft dough stage of the grain. At this
stage also, the plant requires adequate moisture at dough stage
7. Introduction :-
Wheat is relatively tolerant to a high groundwater table
Wheat thrives well in areas receiving rainfall about 75 cm
Frost at time of flower ring and hailstorm at time of ripening can
cause heavy damage to wheat crop
8. A life saving irrigation is necessary for uniform germination and good
plant stand
Usually ,harvest of good yield also depends on no of irrigations ,hence
Total water requirement is 300-400 mm
9. OPTIMUMTIME OF IRRIGATION
Four irrigations are quite essential during following critical stages of crop growth:
Crown root initiation and flowering are the most critical stages
Under limited water supply ,if irrigation water is available:-
If only one irrigation available – Apply At CRI
If only two irrigation is available- CRI & Dough Stage
If only three irrigation is available- CRI + Heading+ Dough
CRI
21
DAS
JOINTING
45
DAS
HEADING
65
DAS
DOUGH
STAGE
90
DAS
10. METHODOF IRRIGATION:
The common method is to apply the water at surface of wheat field.there are
two methods in use:
a) Border strip method :
The wheat field is divided into number of strips preferably 8-10 meter wide
and 50-200 m long , separated by low borders
a) Check basin method :
Small and rectangular plots, accessible by irrigation channel , are made
11. DEPTH OF IRRIGATION:
The depth ranges from 6-8 cm depending on the
soil type and irrigation channel
In sandy soil depth is less in comparison to loamy
and clay soil
12. Advanced Irrigation Techniques- Introduction
For a farmer, “water saving” is likely to mean using less irrigation
water to grow a crop – ideally with the same or higher yield (or
ultimately profit), leading to increased irrigation water productivity (g
grain/kg irrigation water or Rs/kg irrigation water)
But increasing both yield and total water productivity (g grain/kg
water from rain + irrigation + soil water) are need of the time to
meet the increasing demand for food, and to produce it from less
water.
13. Many technologies appear to save substantial amounts of water through reducing
irrigation water requirement.
Such technologies include:
Drip Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
Laser Levelling
Direct Drilling,
Raised Beds,
FIRB
Hydrogel amendement
14. Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation that has the potential to
save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of
plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the surface.
Drip irrigation influences water loss by evapotranspiration (ET)
through its effects on the root zone soil water status and the field
microclimate
15. •Less water and energy is required
•Improved water quality
•Improved crop quality
•Can be relatively high first cost
•Problems with clogging
•Problems obtaining uniform watering
•More operation and maintenance cost
16. Water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat under different
irrigation regimes in a semi-arid region
It was demonstrated that drip irrigation applied to wheat was more
efficient with 20% of water saving in comparison with surface irrigation
(full irrigation treatment). Drip irrigation gives also higher wheat yield
compared to surface irrigation The same improvement was observed for
water use efficiency (+24 and +59% respectively).
Irrigation journal,oct-2009
Mohamed Hakim et.al
17. Maximizing Water Use Efficiency in Wheat Yields Based on Drip
Irrigation Systems
Hazem E Mehawed et.al
A study was conducted to knew the water use efficiency in
wheat yield on usage of drip irrigation . study revealed that
there was increase in yield by 28 percent and saved water
by 24 percent when irrigated at 0.6 IW/CPE RATIO
Irrigation jouranl,oct-2009
18. Sprinkler irrigation
In this method water is applied in form of rain. Water is conveyed
through pipes and sprayed through sprinklers
•Most suited where wheat grown in steep slopes.
•Irrigation through sprinklers at critical growth stages increase grain yield
of wheat at a considerable rate
19. Advantages
One of the main advantages of the sprinkler irrigation technology is
more efficient use of water for irrigation in agriculture.
Sprinkler systems eliminate water conveyance channels, thereby
reducing water loss.
Water is also distributed more evenly across crops helping to avoid
wastage.
20. Effects of sprinkler irrigation amount on winter wheat growth, water
consumption, and water use efficiency].
chenna sharma et.al
Sprinkler irrigation of wheat resulted in a water use efficiency of 5.21 kg of
grain per cubic meter of water used compared to 1.38 kg/m3 in the adjacent
flooded basins. Benefit–cost analysis showed that adoption of rain-gun
sprinkler irrigation for rice and wheat is a financially viable option for
farmers. While these findings show large potentials for improving water use
efficiency in crop production they also indicate that a large portion of the
water applied in traditional flooded basin irrigation is going to groundwater
recharge, which has high value near large cities which draw their water
from the aquifer.
21. • In direct drilled wheat, water savings of 20-35% or
90-100 mm have been reported as compared with
conventional tillage, with the largest savings in the
first irrigations, and comparable or higher yields
due to earlier sowing
• On heavier soils, direct drilling may even eliminate
the need for a pre-sowing irrigation in the IGP
Direct seeding of wheat:
22. • Land leveling can reduce evaporation and percolation losses from
wheat by enabling faster irrigation times and by eliminating
depressions. This also reduces waterlogging problems, especially on
heavy textured soils.
• Laser leveling in Punjab resulted in average wheat irrigation water
savings of 25% in comparison with non-lasered fields while
increasing yield by 20-35%
• Land leveling reduces the depth of water required to cover the
highest parts of the field and for ponding for weed control in rice,
and therefore percolation losses, more so on more permeable
soils.
Laser land levelling :
24. Raised beds (FIRB irrigation) :
Technology for growing row crops on beds and furrows is gaining
momentum amongst the progressive farmers, mainly because the cost of
crop production is considerably reduced as a result of minimum tillage,
water saving etc.
• Bed shapers are also used with tractors to form furrow-beds to sow row
crops particularly wheat.
25. Some of the advantages associated with
furrow-bed-irrigation technology of crop
production are:
• Saving of about 30 percent irrigation
water.
• Reduced chances of plant submergence
due to excessive rain or over irrigation.
• Lesser crusting of soil around plants and,
therefore, more suitable for saline and
sodic soils.
• Enhanced fertilizer use efficiency due to
localized application
• Minimum chances of lodging of crops
26. Crops Yield on beds
(t/ha.)
Yield on flat
(t/ha.)
Water savings
(%over flat)
Yield increase (%
over flat)
Maize 3.27 2.38 35.5 37.4
Urdbean 1.83 1.37 26.9 33.6
Mungbean 1.62 1.33 27.9 21.8
Green peas 11.91 10.40 32.4 14.5
Wheat 5.12 4.31 26.3 6.4
Rice 5.62 5.29 42.0 6.2
Benefits of bed planting observed in India
27. :.
• Management of irrigation water is improved is simpler,
and more efficient. On an average it uses, 30% less water
than flat bed methods and improves crop yields by more
than 20%. FIRB planting saves 30% to 50% wheat seed
compared to flat bed planting.
• On the raised beds, two rows of rice, wheat, maize or
chickpea are generally grown. Yields with 2 and 3 rows
of wheat per bed are comparable, but lodging is
greater with 3 rows per bed.
28. Furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) planting technique for diversification of rice-
wheat system for western region
R K Naresh, B Singh,
Results shows that system of raised bed planting of crops may be particularly
advantageous in areas where groundwater levels are falling. This tillage and crop
establishment option also facilitates crop diversification and intercropping of several
vegetables.
The experimental results indicated that FIRB technique is not only save the resources
like water and nutrients and labour but also facilitates the greater diversification of the
rice-wheat cropping systems and improve the physical properties of soil.
29. Surge irrigation is a process where water is applied to an irrigation furrow intermittently,
whereas in continuous-flow (or conventional) irrigation, water is applied to the furrow
during the entire irrigation set With surge irrigation, water is cycled from one half of the
field to the other half during an irrigation set, using a switch valve.
SURGE IRRIGATION
30. Surge irrigated furrows finished more uniformly at each irrigation. For example,
during the first irrigation,
Water in 22 of the 56 conventionally irrigated furrows failed to reach the end of the
furrows (39 percent),while water in only 18 off the 112 surge irrigated furrows
failed to reach the end of furrows (16 percent).
Wheat yields were equivalent under conventional and surge irrigation, with less than
half of the water use under surge irrigation (12.9 acre/inch) compared to conventional
surface irrigation (28.2 aces/inches).
RESEARCH FINDINGS ON SURGE METHOD BY PUNJAB
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
32. .
It help in maintain optimum moisture and thermal environment
in soil, increases water use efficiency through reduction in
evaporation and subsequently higher grain yield.
Reduced the number of irrigations.
33. EFFECT OF MULCH ON WHEAT:-
Strawmulching decreased soil temperature and reduced the
weed dry matter, increased yield attributes and yield in wheat.
Straw mulch is an excellentsourceof carbon,which on
decomposition becomes a part of soil organic matter.
Application of mulch improved the hydrothermal properties of
soil.
34. Synthetic polymers in the form of crystals or tiny beads is know as
hydrogel (super absorbent polymers, root watering crystals and drought
crystals).
The hydrogel amendments improve seedling growth and
establishment by increasing water retention capacity of soils.
They have enormous capacity to absorb water when it comes by and make it
available to plants over time.
35. • Given With Short Durations ,The Water Requirement Of Dwarf Wheat
Is Higher Than Tall Varieties
• Irrigation May Be Given When Available Soil Moisture Has Gone
Down Upto 40-50 Percent In Top 609 Cm Depth
• It Has Been Observed That There Is Steady Rise In Cumulative Use
Of Water Upto Grain Filling Stage Of Plant After Which It Falls
Steeply From Grain Filling To Harvesting
• Irrigation At CRI And Milk Stage Is Very Necessary Since These
Stages are Critical Stages
36. • Since the Rooting Depth at Early Stages Is Very Shallow ,Initial Amount
Of Irrigation Should Be Given With Less Amount Of Water , then Later
Irrigation With Sufficient Water
• Border Strip Method Of Irrigation Is Best Method For Effective Water
Distribution
• Where Water Supply Is Scarce, Irrigation At Tillering To late jointingCan
Be Avoided
