The United Nations Industrial Development Organization's Low Carbon Transport Project hosted a workshop seminar on sustainable transport and mobility for cities in Durban on the 30th of March 2017. This workshop was presented with the aim of highlighting the benefits of using electrified mobility powered by renewable energy. The objectives of the workshop included: Enlightening members of the sustainable transport fraternity in South Africa; sharing the current policy developments for sustainable transport use and operations; discussing the environmental benefits of including electric vehicles in South Africa’s transportation modal mix; offering insights to the various types of transport modes available and those suitable for city commuting and public services; proposing methods to include green vehicles into local government fleets; discussing the possibilities of converting a fleet to electric drive vehicles through other initiatives; demonstrating macroeconomic factors to better understand how the introduction of electrified transport modes could add value to the economy of the city and South Africa at large.
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Sanedi energy and_mobility_the_bus_unido_sustainable_transport_and_mobility_for_cities_workshop_carel_snyman_20170330
1. Energy & Mobility
The Bus
SANEDI: Cleaner Mobility
Carel Snyman 0824406669 carels@sanedi.org.za
2. SANEDI: Cleaner Mobility Programme
To find sustainable energy solutions
Considering:
– the energy used and
– the technologies applied
to do work - moving people and freight
Sustainable means not burning stuff to do work
• move away from paying forex for imported energy
• reduce energy consumption and emissions like CO2
• develop local energy supply
• stimulating local industrial development
• job creation
3. A Tale of Two Cities
Durban today
Durban in the future
– “as usual” – Sad City
– “innovation” - Smart City
5. Urbanisation
Durban:
2017 – 2,9M people
2030 – 3,3M people
of the developing and developed world
respectively, will be urbanized by 2050.
60 and 90%
6. Energy in the City
Transport:
60% total energy
= 136 million GJ
Thereof:
55% is road transport
ENERGY SCENARIOS FOR ETHEKWINI (2010): Exploring the
implications of different energy futures for eThekwini up to 2040
eThekwini energy demand by sector (2010)
Residential
12%
Commerce
10%
Industry
16%Transport
60%
Elec
Losses
1%Local Govt
1%
7. Emissions in the CityeThekwini 2010 greenhouse gas emissions
by sector (2010)
Residential
19%
Commerce
16%
Industry
26%
Transport
34%
Elec
Losses
3%
Local Govt
2%
8. Business as Usual – eThekwini
Transport
Industry
Commerce
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Residential
Commerce
Industry
Transport
Local Govt
Elec Losses
Energy Demand (PJ)
Scenario: Business As Usual
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Petajoules
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
9. Business as Usual – eThekwini
Residential
Commerce
Industry
Transport
Local Govt
Elec Losses
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Allocated to Demands)
Business As Usual
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
MetricMegatonnesCO2Equivalent
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
11. Energy Demand (PJ)
All Fuels
Business As Usual Densification
Energy & Transport Efficiency & PV
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Petajoules
220
200
180
160
140
Choices: Tweaking or Innovation?
% ENERGY SAVED IN TRANSPORT SECTOR BY
2030
• 8% increase in public transport pass-km
• Private vehicles
Diesel: 50%
Diesel efficient: 5%
Petrol: 35%
Petrol efficient: 5%
Electric: 3%
Hybrid: 2%
• Half of all bus passenger-km by BRT
• All minibuses diesel
• Increase vehicle occupancy to 2.0
17%
12.
13.
14. Let us analyse
Current situation?
Energy – imported, dirty, costly, waste
Tools – inefficient, oversized, waste, kills
Integration – competing, not connected, takes longer
Options?
Fit for purpose: size + application
Electric – most efficient
Renewable - sustainable
Connected – integrated, shared
Autonomous - safe
15. Measures of transportation work
Work = People x kilometres = P.km
P.km/MJoule - Efficiency
P.km/CO2 - Carbon Emissions
P.km/Rand - Cost (Forex)
P.km/Hour - Time
P.km/m2 - Space
16. We use energy to do work:
Food - 12 MJ/day (3000 kCal)
To walk - 0,25 MJ/P.km
To cycle - 0,11 MJ/P.km or < 0,08(electric) MJ/P.km
To drive - 3,20(petrol) MJ/P.km or 0,54(electric) MJ/P.km
To ride - 0,4(eBus) MJ/P.km or 0,2(Train) MJ/P.km
Or if you right size – 0,2(electric) MJ/P.km in a small commuter and
And go on rail – 0,1(RE electric) MJ/P.km in a light PRT system . . . . .
17. Where do energy come from?
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Tides
Gas
Oil
Coal
20. PV(in SA):
3MJ
/sqm/day
Consider the SUN
How far
can I go
on only
solar PV
energy?
PV(in SA):
3MJ
/sqm/day
eBike 38 P.km
eScooter 25 P.km
Train 14 P.km
3 Wheeler 14 P.km
Bus 8 P.km
4 Wheeler 9 P.km
Nissan Leaf 4 P.km
27. South Africa’s Energy Demand (%)
Economic Sector 2010 2050
Industry 37 34
Mining 8 4
Agriculture 3 3
Commerce 7 7
Residential 11 8
Transport 34 44
28.
29. The Car
Top speed 170km/h
0-100 in 8 seconds
Range of 600km
Petrol 8L/100km
Mass: 2’000kg
40kgCO2/100km
Limit = 60km/h
Need only 150km
Need only 14s
400kg can do
30.
31. Cost, Energy and Pollution
For
100km:
Petrol
Car
Price/Unit R 12,00
Units 10 litres
Energy 320 MJ
Cost R 120,00
Electric Car
Normal
R 1,33
15 kWh
54 MJ
R 20,00
GWP
25kg 0 0
7-50kg 39kg 19kg45kg 39kg 13kg
80c
R4,00
Off-peak &
Small Car
5 kWh
27 MJ
41. The India experience
“As much as 25 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission can be
cut every year for every diesel bus replaced by an electric bus”,
said the IISC study, conducted by Sheela Ramasesha and her group at
the Divecha Centre for Climate Change in Bangalore. Electric buses
emit no CO2, but the electricity needed for their charging stations comes
primarily from coal-fired power plants, India’s primary energy source.
However, if solar panels are set up at battery charging stations of electric
buses, the annual 25 tonnes of CO2emission per bus can be further reduced.
Put another way, if 150,000 diesel buses were to be replaced by electric buses,
3.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions could be saved.
Apart from reducing outdoor air pollution—which kills 670,000 people in India
every year, according to this Indian Institute of Management,
Ahmedabad paper—a clean bus system would aid national carbon-reduction
targets. Transport accounts for a tenth of India’s greenhouse gas emissions, as
we reported here, with a 2009 study attributing 95% of these emissions to
road transport.
42. Maintenance cost comparison
Outside of the cost of the
replacement battery, the average
annual electric bus maintenance cost
was calculated to be $1,770, a
significant savings compared to the
calculated annual diesel bus
maintenance cost, $8,850
