A group work (MPhil 3rd Semester 2017-19) Department of Environmental Sciences UOG, Gujrat, Pakistan

2. Introduction
Water shortage has
become an emerging
issue all around the
world.

3. Water as a lifeline to any nation!

4. Global water supply & demand
• Human body can last weeks without food, but only days
without water
• Increased demand of water since 1950
• Declined availability of water
• Almost half billion people are living in water scarce and
water stressed regions
• Almost 80% use of global water in irrigation process
• By 2050, it is projected that global population will
increase up to 9billion and demand of water will also
increase.

5. Global water shortage
• Water shortage is faced by about 450m people in
almost 29 countries
• It is estimated that about 20% more water will be
required by 2025 to feed the additional 3 billion
people
• The shortage of the water promotes climate change,
hunger , poverty , desertification and ecosystem
degradation
• According to the view of UN (UNDP, 2007) water
scarcity will be more important determinant for the
food scarcity.

6. Global water scarcity

7. Water shortage in Pakistan
• Pakistan-a water stressed country (world bank
report,2000)
• Terrorism, celebrity controversies and cricket wins are
what rule Pakistan’s headlines but beneath all the
commotion the country is battling a severe problem – a
massive water crisis.
• Reports by United Nations Development Program
(UNDP) as well as the Pakistan Council of Research in
Water Resources (PCRWR) has alerted that the country
will reach absolute water scarcity by the year 2025.

8. The Pakistan Council of
Research in Water
Resources
(PCRWR) warns country
will approach absolute
water scarcity

9. What’re water related problem & solutions

10. Water Resources of Pakistan
Presented by:
Amna Khalid

11. Resource
Is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced
An item becomes a resource with time and developing technology
Materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are
transformed to produce benefit
Benefits of resources utilized may include increased wealth, proper
functioning of a system or enhanced well being

12. Water Resources
Natural resources of water that are potentially useful. All living things
require water to grow and reproduce.

13. Distribution of Water resources

14. How large is Pakistan's water resources?

15. Glaciers in Pakistan
• Almost all of them are present in Gilgit Baltistan.
• The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the eastern Karakoram
range in the Himalayas.
• The second longest glacier in Pakistan.
• is the second longest glacier outside of the polar regions and largest in
the Himalayas-Karakoram region
• Pakistan has more glaciers than almost anywhere on Earth. But they
are at risk

16. Two major sources of rainfall in Pakistan:
• Monsoons
• Western Disturbances
Annual rain fall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West)
There are two periods of thunderstorms in Pakistan:
• April-June
• October-November
Total water generated by rainfall is a round of 32 BCM
Contribution to crops is 10-20%

17. Pakistan lies in an arid and semi-
arid climate zone.

18. Total inflow (171 BCM)
Terbela dam (10.38 BCM -485 ft)
Mangla dam (5.90 BCM -380 ft)
48 Canals (61,000 km)

19. No. of major reservoirs 03
No. of barrages 16
No. of head works 02
No. of canals systems 44
No. of water courses 1,07000
No of interlink canals 12

20. Average canal water diversions: 10.47 MAF
average Escapage to the sea: 39.4 MAF
Rivers in Pakistan 4 in Sindh,
7 in Baluchistan,
8 in KPK,
5 in Punjab
Surface water

21. Indus river
• Indus river is the largest river in Pakistan and 1988 miles long.
• The total length of the Indus river is 3,180 kilo meters (1,976 miles)
and is Pakistan's longest river.
• The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilo
meters (450,000 square miles).
• The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilo
meters, making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of
annual flow.

22. Terbela dam-the Indus
(10.38 BCM- 485 ft)
Located in the Swabi and Haripur Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

23. Mangla dam
(5.9 BCM-380 ft), Azad Kashmir, Constructed in 1967

24. • Exploitation of ground water is 59 BCM
• Over 90,00,000 private tube-wells
• 40% of total supply at farm gate
• In the last 25- 30 years, ground water has become a major
supplement to canal supplies, especially in the Upper Indus
Plain, where ground water quality is good.

25. • There are presently more than 5,00,000 tube-wells in the Indus Basin
Irrigation System (IBIS) and the annual pumpage in all canal command
areas has been estimated to be over 50 BCM.
• According to a study, the total groundwater potential in Pakistan is of the
order of 55 MAF.
• 79% of the Punjab province has access to fresh ground water.
• 28% of the Sindh province has access to fresh groundwater suitable for
irrigation.
• In Baluchistan, the Makran coastal zone and several other basins contain
highly brackish ground water.

26. • Per capita availability of fresh water in Pakistan has decreased by
about 80% since 1950.
• Efficient and judicious use of the irrigation water is the only
sustainable option left with us.
• Surface water is still the largest source of irrigation in Pakistan (31%
as a single source).
Existing situation of water resources in Pakistan

27. Water availability and shortage
Years Water required Water available (
surface + ground)
shortage
2000 149 MAF 109 MAF 40 MAF
2013 215 MAF 107 MAF 108 MAF
2015 277 MAF 126 MAF 151 MAF

28. Future goals
• The goals of the government for the development of water resources
are reflected in the WAPDA Vision 2025 document.
• Which stipulates the addition of 64 MAF of storage capacity and about
27,000 MW of additional power - mainly through hydel sources, by
the year 2025.
• The estimated investment for Vision 2025 will be $50 billion spread
over the next 25 years.

30. MULTIPLE USES OF WATER
ADIL CHEMA

31. Introduction
Define:
The practice of using water from the same natural or manmade system or
infrastructure for multiple uses and functions.
 The term multiple-use of water is increasingly used in the water sector but it
refer to different levels of scale where multiple-use takes place.

32. Different levels of scale
There are three main sectors where water is use more:
Domestic scale
Industrial scale
Agricultural scale

33. Total water consumption in Pakistan

34. Domestic use
For cleaning, washing, drinking, cooking and for toilet flushing.
For drinking, washing and cooking a minimum of about 5 liters water per day per
person is estimated.
The world health organization and the US agency estimated water requirement of
about 20 to 40 liters per capita per day.
The Pakistan environmental agency estimates a minimum requirement of about
80 liters per capita and day.

35. Continue……..
Water use in households varies regions:
Around 20 liters per capita per day are used in the rural arid regions in Pakistan.
A US – American has an average a water demand of almost 30 liters per day.
The average per capita water use within the member states of the EU is currently
around 15 liters per day,
But in developed countries the figures vary between 13 liters per capita per day
in Belgium and 14 liters in Finland.

36. Industrial use
 About 20 per cent of the world-wide water withdrawn is used in the commercial
and industrial sector.
According to different scenarios, an increase of the industrial water demand up to
1,170 CU KM per annum till the year 2025 is expected on the global level.
In the Pakistan water use in the industry is currently around 5% in average.

37.  During the 1980s and the 1990s, the industrial
water use considerably decreased in the most developed
countries.
Before world war ii the water quantity needed for
the production of one ton of steel was about 60 to 100 tons.
There is an improvement in the world-wide water
productivity during the last decades.

38. Agricultural use
According to the Pakistan geological survey, water
used for irrigation accounts for nearly 65 percent of
the world’s freshwater.
There are 330 million acres of land used for agricultural
purposes in the Pakistan that produce an abundance
of food and other products.

39.  By 2050 the world will need to feed 9 billion people.
This will result in a 50 percent increase in agricultural production and a 15
percent increase in already-strained water withdrawals.
The agricultural sector is by far the largest global user of water. Irrigated
agriculture accounts for about 70 percent of total freshwater withdrawals
worldwide.

40. Water problem in Pakistan
According to a recent report by the international monetary fund (IMF):
Pakistan ranks third in the world among countries facing acute water shortage.
Reports by the united nations development programs and the Pakistan council of
research in water resources also warn the authorities that the south Asian country
will reach absolute water scarcity by 2025.
"No person in Pakistan, whether from the north with its more than 5,000 glaciers,
or from the south with its 'hyper deserts,' will be immune to this scarcity,"

43. Water crisis in Pakistan
Presented by:
Umer Hayat

44. Power generation
Drinking
Industry
Irrigation

45. As we all know that now a days our country is facing severe
shortage of water
There are two main reasons of water crisis
1)Natural Reason
2)Mis-managment

46. This is due to prolong drought which is beyond the
control of a man.
OR
In the years when the rainfall is not normal or below from the
normal state, The Country generally faces water shortage
Eg, the govt reduces the 5%quota of water in sindh and
punjab due to the bad rainfall which decreases the level of
Mangla Dam.

47. • The average annual inflow of the Indus and its tributaries is 141.67
maf, of which 97% is used in agriculture and the remaining 3% for
domestic and Industrial purposes.
• Out of 141.67 maf, around 106 maf is annually diverted in to one
of the largest but in-efficient irrigation system.
• The remaining 36 maf goes into the sea unused a total loss.
• Out of 106 maf, diverted into an extensive irrigation net work,
more than 50% is lost during the changing and the field application
before it reaches the crop root zone.

48. • Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the
food requirement of the nation, we will be dependent on
other countries.
• Orchards of pakistan bring home a healthy amount of
foreign exchange, which can be affected due water shortage.
• Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head
towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase
the unemployment further.

49. In this construction of following dams should start
immediately;
1) Chasha dam
2) Kalabagh dam
3) Raised Mangla dam
4) Mirani dam
5) Gomalzam dam
6) Basha dam

50. • People should be educated to conserve water by cooperation.
• Further more government should make laws on water
conservation, like many western countries.
• Efforts be made to convert the present rotation based
irrigation system to demand oriented system.

53. Water
Footprints
A water footprint is the
amount of water used at
a certain time and space
by:
An individual,
community,
nation,
product,
process
or business

54. Water Footprint: high or low

55. Depends on : Our different Life
Stages

56. Depends on : Our
different Life Styles

57. Why to assess WF
How much water does it take to produce our everyday
products.
How much water is used for everything:
Food,
clothing,
electricity,
paper & transport etc. every thing is our use is having
water in it.

61. Comparison of WF Measurement
Developed World
• Direct data collection
• Social data
• Spatiotemporal data
• Assessment
• Calculation
• Future estimation of demand &
supply
Under developing World
• No or little data collection
• Social data unavailable
• Spatiotemporal data initiated
• Weak policy & future
estimations

62. WF History
In 2002 Prof.
Arjen Y.
Hoekstra
developed Water
footprint. He
organized Water
footprint
organization
and Water
footprint
network.

63. Pro. Arjen’s work for WF
Water conservation is possible not only
by
making direct use careful
but to reduce water footprint of our trade and
products.

64. Maheen Raza
Impacts of Water Scarcity on Agriculture

65. Water Scarcity
• Water is nothing less than the
bloodstream of the biosphere
• It is therefore at the center of human
living conditions and a base for
socio-economic development.

66. Impacts of water scarcity
Growing water scarcity is
now one of the biggest
challenges for sustainable
development, with direct
effects on agricultural
Growing water scarcity is
now one of the biggest
challenges for sustainable
development, with direct
effects on agricultural

67. Water scarcity typology
• water)The key role played by freshwater in the biomass
production process, and therefore for food
production, implies that risks to water security arise
from
1. scarcity of liquid water (blue water)
2. Scarcity of infiltrated rain in the soil
(green water)

68. Common Impacts
• The effects of water stress and water scarcity can be felt in
many ways, both immediate and long-term:
 Reduced outputs
Higher costs
Political stress
Migration
Famine
The effects of water stress and water scarcity can be
felt in many ways, both immediate and long-term:
 Reduced outputs
Higher costs
Political stress
Migration
Famine

69. Common Impacts
• The effects of water stress and water scarcity can be felt in
many ways, both immediate and long-term:
 Reduced outputs
Higher costs
Political stress
Migration
Famine
Food security
Livestock problem
Decrease In orchard export
Water constraints for population
Unemployment
Dispute among provinces
Ground water
Effect on national harmony

70. Common Impacts
• In many cases, conditions leading to water stress and scarcity
emerge slowly, and effects are felt incrementally
 Common Effects:
• Reduced production of crops or livestock for market
• Higher costs for goods and commodities, which can result from
market shortages, increased need for imports or other logistical
factors
• Political stresses can become evident where consumers are
impacted by shortages or economic pressures
• In many cases, conditions leading to water stress and
scarcity emerge slowly, and effects are felt incrementally
 Common Effects:
• Reduced production of crops or livestock for market

71. Common Impacts
 Extreme Effects:
• In prolonged droughts, mass
migrations might be seen to areas
where jobs or agriculture are more
plentiful (example: United States “Dust
Bowl”)

72. Famine and starvation
• • Famine and starvation are also potential outcomes in
poverty stricken areas or in cases of severe water scarcity
• Famine and starvation are also potential outcomes in
poverty stricken areas or in cases of severe water scarcity
• Pakistan has been hit by famine in Tharparkar in 2014-17

73. Food Security
• Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill
the food requirements of the nation , we will be
dependent to other countries
• Import of food commodities from other countries will
result in more expenditure.

74. Livestock problem
• Raising livestock is the main source of livelihood of rural
areas in Pakistan.
• It is also an important economic activity, which
contributes 9.7% of GDP of Pakistan, will be affected
due to shortage of water.

75. • Orchards of Pakistan
bring home a
healthy amount of
foreign exchange,
which can be
affected due to
water shortage.
Decrease in orchards exports

76. Effect on Related Industry
Due to less production of main
crops, which are Wheat, Cotton,
Sugar-Cane and Rice, the
industries related to them will
suffer adversely.

77. Water constraints for population
• Due to drought and more dependency on
ground water for irrigation, the water table
will go down, and this will cause water
constraints to the population.

78. Disputes among provinces
• The distribution of water is controlled from the centre by IRSA
(Indus River System Authority) as per 1991 agreement
between the provinces. Now the shortage of water will cause
disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the
national integrity.
• The distribution of water is controlled from the
centre by IRSA (Indus River System Authority) as per
1991 agreement between the provinces.
• Now the shortage of water will cause disputes
between the provinces, which may cause harm to
the national integrity.
• The distribution of water is controlled from the centre by
IRSA (Indus River System Authority) as per 1991 agreement
between the provinces.
• Now the shortage of water will cause disputes between the
provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity.

79. • Water conservation is the careful use and protection of water
resources and involves both the quantity and quality of water
used.
• Water is essential resource for the nourishment of all life and is
the basic need for all activities
• With the ever-increasing pressure of human population, there has
been a severe stress on water resources.
Water Conservation

80. • The objective of water conservation can be achieved through
concrete efforts on the conservation and utilization of water on
sustainable basis with a focus on holistic planning and sustainable
development of sources of water
• The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
• To ensure availability for future generations.
• The withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed
its natural replacement rate.
Objectives

81. • Fresh water is a limited resource
• Demands are increasing
• Only a small percent of total water on earth is
usable without advanced technology treatment
• We have less drinkable water every year due to
contamination and increased demand
• Reduces 60-75% leakages
Why Conservation is Important?

82. • Many Areas in Pakistan are currently facing
serious water shortage
• Population increase results in higher water
demand
• It takes long time to change the habits and
attitudes of people
• 50% of Karachi water is lost due to leakage
and illegal connections
It is Important to Take Steps Now

83. • Domestic conservation
• Indoor
• Outdoor
Methods for
conservation

84. • Shorten your shower by a minute or two and you’ll save up to 150 gallons
per month.
• Monitor your water bill for unusually high use. Your bill and water meter
are tools that can help you discover leaks.
• Grab a wrench and fix that leaky faucet. It's simple, inexpensive, and you
can save 140 gallons a week.
• Teach children to turn off faucets tightly after each use.
• Turn off the water while brushing your teeth! This will, on the average, save
3 gallons of water for each time you brush.
• Use conserving appliances, such as low-volume shower heads, efficient
dishwashers and washing machines etc.
Indoor Conservation

86. • Use a bucket of water to clean your car instead of a hose
• Sweep sidewalks, driveways and patios instead of hosing.
• Clean gutters and downspouts manually, without using a hose.
• Cultivate the soil regularly so water can penetrate and develop a good
root system.
• In arid and semi-arid regions, replace lush green lawns with decorative
rock garden
• Methods to harvest rainwater should be provided
Outdoor Conservation

88. • Water conservation measures that can be taken by
industries and manufacturing units include:
• Using dry cool cooling systems or cooling towers that use
less water
• Reuse the cooling water for irrigation or other purposes
• Industries and manufacturing units should curb water
withdrawals wherever possible by increasing in-plant
treatment and recycling of water or by developing new
equipment and processes that require less water
• Recycled water should be used for floor washing, and
other such purposes
Industrial Conservation

89. • Agriculture is the biggest water user and perhaps
• half of all the agricultural water used is lost to leaks in irrigation
canals and application to areas where plants do not grow, runoff and
evaporation.
• Improved agricultural irrigation could reduce withdrawals by between
20 to 30%.
• Use lined or covered canals that reduce seepage and evaporation
• Use improved irrigation techniques, such as sprinklers or drip
irrigation
• Irrigate fields in the early morning or at night when evaporation is
minimal agricultural conservation
Agricultural Conservation

90. • Rain water harvesting
• Roof top rainwater harvesting
• Revival of traditional water harvesting structures
• Micro-catchment water harvesting
• Recharge structures for wells and bore wells
• Sustainable water utilization
• Minimize domestic water consumption
• Recycling of waste water
• Improved irrigation methods
• Maintain and improve quality of water
Strategies to support water conservation

91. Let’s start conserving

92. Urousa Latif

93. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
IWRM is a process which promotes:
Coordinated development of water land resources
Management of water land
Management of Related resources
In order to:
Maximize the resultant economic growth
Social welfare in an equitable manner
without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystem.

94. Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM)
Integrated management means all different uses of water resources are considering
together
Management emphasizes that we must not focus only on development of water
resources but we that must consciously manage water development in a way that
ensures long term sustainable use for sustainable development.
Integrated water resources management is therefore the systematic way for the
sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the
context of social, economic and environmental objectives.
The basic IWRM concept has been extracted to incorporate the participatory decision
making

95. The IWRM framework, as developed by the GWP, consists of three E’s
Economic efficiency
Because of the increasing scarcity of
water and financial resources, the
finite and vulnerable nature of water
as a resource, and the increasing
demands upon it, water must be used
with maximum possible efficiency
Equity (Social)
The basic right for all people to have
access to water of adequate quantity
and quality for the sustenance of
human well-being must be
universally recognized
Environmental and
ecological
sustainability
The present use of the resource
should be managed in a way that
does not undermine the life-support
system thereby compromising use
by future generations of the same
resource

96. Saving the water for humans
Saving water for the production of food
Raising other job creating activities
Saving vital ecosystem
Management of water related issues
Creating general awareness and understanding
 Make sure cooperation across the country

97. Implement a
strategy
IWRM framework
Framework for
water infrastructural
developments
Built capacity Communicate and collaborate
Monitor and evaluate
progress
Indicator of the
progress towards
IWRM
Identify the problem
water resource issues
Goals and programs
Recent international
developments
Develop a stakeholder
centric strategy
Enabling environment
Institutional roles
Understands co-
benefits
Built commitments
AwarenessIdentify appropriate
tools
Analyze gaps
WR management
function requirements

98. 1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to
sustain life, development and the environment.
2. Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at
all levels
3. Women play a central part in the provision, management and
safeguarding of water.
4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should
be recognized as an economic good

99. Small dams at the tails of the river should be
planned
Restoration of the rivers to their natural flow
Water supply companies should only be permitted to
extract ground water
Only licensed water extraction should be allowed to
industries.
No lining of water channels near urban areas so that
underground water table recharge.

100. Water bodies are the habitat of migratory birds
should be monitored
Water storage to the slop wastage of water
Modern methods of irrigation of crops should be
adopted
Education of masses about water conservation

101. Impact of political instability of water
resources in Pakistan
Presented by:
Maria Siddique

102. BACKGROUND
 Water is available on this earth in large quantity but it is not equally
distributed. It occupies 70% of earth surface from which 3% is
considered fresh water and the remaining 97.5% is highly saline Ocean.
 Distribution of water has always been an issue throughout the human
history.
 Distribution is not a problem when water is available abundant and
every co-share gets his satisfactory share. It becomes a problem when
water is in short supply that leads to disagreements.

103. WATER RESOURCES VULNERABILITY
IN PAKISTAN
 According to the Pakistan Water Partnership, the total available
surface water is about 153 million-acre-feet (MAF) while the total
ground water reserves are approximately 24(MAF). The population
of Pakistan in 2030 is expected to be around 240 million. It is
estimated that the country will have to face a shortage of 31(MAF) of
water by 2025
 Pakistan ranks third amongst countries facing water shortages,
according to an International Monetary Fund (IMF) report.

104. HYDROPOLITICS
 Water problems in Pakistan result largely from poor management, but the
consequences of management failures are highlighted, both materially and
politically, by international and subnational hydro politics.
 Water resources are shrinking due to
o swelling population
o industrialization
o Urbanization
o Political negligence on water resources

105. INTERNATIONAL HYDRO POLITICS
 After the separation of subcontinent the policy makers from both sides actively
engaged to come up with a framework to reduce the risk of any future conflict
between the two countries
 Both countries were poor and underdeveloped, it was in their best interest to
resolve the growing water issue
 But now water conflicts on Indus waters are getting severe with rise in demand
Pakistan is of the view that India is not implementing Treaty and stealing water
from Pakistan's river Jhelum, Chenab and indus.

106. INDUS WATER TREATY
 The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-distribution treaty between
India and Pakistan signed on September 19, 1960. The treaty was
signed by the then Prime Minister Nehru and Pakistan’s President
Ayub Khan. It was advised by the World Bank (International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development).
 The Treaty gave water rights of the three eastern rivers namely Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej to India, while the water rights of the three western
rivers namely; Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were allocated to Pakistan.

107. INTER HYDROPOLITICS
 Inter hydroplotitics conflicts are affecting country’s plans for
developing water i.e. hydro-power dams on Indus Main
 Punjab is in support of Kalabagh dam and three provinces and
nationalist political parties, have political issues
 KPK as upper riparian might support construction of dams if
powerhouse is located in KPK

108. MANGLA DAM
 Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River near Jhelum. Mangla Dam completed
in 1967, is one of the main structures in the Indus Basin Project.
 It had an initial installed power capacity of at least 600 megawatts, which
was increased to 1,000 megawatts in the mid-1990s.

109. TARBELA DAM
 Tarbela Dam that’s situated on the Indus River and is the 2nd
largest by the structural volume. The dam is 148 meter high
above riverbed. Development started in 1968 and completed
in 1976. Total capacity of the dam is 13.69 megawatts.

110. INSTABILITY OF MANGLAAND TRBELA
DAM
 Mangla Dam (1967) and Tarbela Dam (1977) have the main
contribute in industrial and agricultural development of
Pakistan. Since then their live storage capacity has reduced by
35% but no mega dam was constructed
 Which resulting in severe water shortage taking country to
brink of water starved level and severe load shedding due to
power generation shortfall

111. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SUBNATIONAL
WATER DEBATE
 Indus River System Authority (IRSA) was established in 1993 through an Act of
the Parliament. The authority was established for regulating and monitoring the
distribution of water sources of the IRS amongst the provinces

112. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SUBNATIONAL
WATER DEBATE
 In January 2006, the Government of Pakistan under President Pervez Musharraf
announced the decision to construct storage dams in the country during next 10
12 years. According to the plan, the Diamer Bhasha Dam project was proposed to
be built in the first phase
 On November 7, 2013 the Chairman of WAPDA Syed Raghib Abbas Shah
claimed that his department has received 17,000 acres of land at the cost of PKR
5.5 billion from Government of Gilgit-Baltistan

113. FUNDRAISING FOR DAMS
 On July 4th, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan said that the government
begin construction of the dam, as well as the Mohmand Dam, to resolve a
water shortage
 The Chief Justice of the court gave a donation of 1 million Pakistani rupees
for the construction of the two dams.
 On July 6th, the government of Pakistan set up a fund for the construction of
the Diamer Bhasha Dam. Fundraising through bank accounts and cellular
companies was initiated for participation

114. NEED OF DAMS
 The country needs to enhance its water storage capability by
developing every possible reservoir that is technically
feasible. Large dams are needed because they contribute to
national development
 Pakistan built 68 medium and small dams in the last six
decades with an average storage capacity of about 8,000
acre feet but their power generating ability is nil

115. CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE WATER
MANAGEMENT
Effective water management requires a strategy that
integrates institutions, policies, skills, and technology
to foster conservation, efficiency, productivity, and
disaster relief

116. REFRENCES
 Ahmad C. S. (2000). Former minister for agriculture, Dawn, Karachi, 4 June 2000.
 Ahmed, E. (2005). Bangladesh water concern South Asian Journal, 55-667.
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Punjab, Lahore.
 Michal, Aloys Arthur (1967) The Indus Rivers: A study of the effects of partition,(Yale University Press).
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Future Water Resources Management,” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (2012): 1063–
83. 16. Mustafa and Qazi, “Karez versus Tubewell Irrigation.”

117. Drinking water from household
well

118. Contents
• Introduction
• Ground water pollutants
• Naturally occurring sources of pollution
• Human activities

119. • What should I do.
• Reason to test your water

120. INTRODUCTION
• If your family gets drinking water from your
own well.
• Do you know your water is safe to drink?
• What health risks could you and your family?

122. • All of us need clean water to drink.
• We can go for week without food, but only days without water.
• 844M people globally struggling to clean water, but 60% have
live in water stress.
• Contaminated water can be a threat to anyone's health, especially
to young children.
• Pakistan rank 9th among top 10 countries having lower access to
clean drinking water.
• 44% population of Pakistan has not to access clean drinking
water.

123. Ground water and how it polluted?
• Ground water is a resource found under the earth’s surface.
• Most ground water comes from rain and melting snow soaking into the
ground. Water fills the spaces between rocks and soils, making an
“aquifer” About half of our nation’s drinking water comes from ground
water.

125. • Ground water its depth from the surface, quality for
drinking water and chance of being polluted varies
from place to place. Generally deeper place to place.

126. Natural sources of contaminants
• Ground water may contain some natural impurities or
contaminants.
• When water move through underground rocks and
soils may pick up Mg, Ca and F etc.
• Some ground water naturally contains dissolved
elements like, arsenic, boron, selenium, or radon.

127. Natural sources
of contaminants
Ca
• Health risk Causes
Mg
Water hardness is
caused by
mineral primarily
calcium and
magnesium.
When water
move through
underground
rocks and soils
may pick up Mg,
Ca and F etc.
Osteoporosis Nephrolithiasis
Rectal cancerObesity
Hypertension Coronary
heart
disease
Type 2 diabetes

128. Natural sources of contaminants
Microorganisms
Bacteria
viruses
Parasites
Microorganisms are
sometimes found in water
Shallow wells. those with
water close to ground
level are at most risk.
 Runoff, or water flowing
over the land surface,
may pick up these
pollutants from wildlife
and soils. This is often
the case after flooding.

129. Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
contains in
Underground rocks
and soils.
These contaminants
are not often found
in household wells at
dangerous levels
from natural sources.

130. Sources of heavy metal pollutants
sources
Agricultural
Metallurgical
industries
Waste
disposal
Mining

131. Target organ toxicity of heavy metal
Mercury Brain Neurotoxicity
Arsenic liver hepatotoxicity
Cadmium Kidney,
lungs
Nephrotoxicity
& Pulmonary
toxicity

132. Fluoride is helpful in dental health, so many water
systems add small amounts to drinking water.
fluoride Bone
tissues
Fibro dysplasia
Target organ in body

133. Human Activities
• Improper use of fertilizers, animal manures, herbicides, insecticides, and
pesticides.
• Improperly built or poorly located and/or maintained septic systems for
household wastewater
• Leaking or abandoned underground storage tanks and piping
• Storm-water drains that discharge chemicals to ground water
• Improper disposal or storage of wastes
• Chemical spills at local industrial sites

134. Human activities and Sources of Pollutants
Bacteria and Nitrates Septic Tanks
Fertilizer and Pesticides Agricultural Practice's
Domestic waste Household waste
Chemical spills Industries
Problem Source

135. What should I do
Test your water every year from water
testing lab
Physical water test
Biological water test
Chemical water test

136. Water Quality testing Analysis
Conditions
• Recurring gastro-intestinal illness
• Water softener needed to treat
hardness
• Water appears cloudy, frothy,
Color.
• Acidic, Basic
• Odor of gasoline or fuel oil
• Odor
Test for
• Coliform bacteria
• Manganese, iron
• detergents or color
• PH
• Volatile organic compounds
• Sensory test

137. conclusion
Analyzing the present and future water balance leading to
recommendations for public policy development

138. Global Fresh Water Availability
20 % of the World’s population lives in water-scarce regions, and as many as 45 % of the World Population could experience water
scarcity by 2025
Pakistan falls
in the water
stressed
regions!
Picture 1 : Freshwater availability (m3 per person per year, 2007)
Background

139. Country 1955 1990 2025
USA 14,934 9,913 7,695
Philippines 13,507 5,173 3,072
Mexico 11,396 4,226 2,597
Iraq 18,441 6,029 2,356
China 4,597 2,427 1,818
Pakistan 2,490 1,672 837
Population Action Control ,1993
Current Situation in Pakistan
Year Population (M) Per Capita Water
Availability(m3)
1981 84 2100
2000 148 1200
2013 207 850
2025 221 659
• There is no consensus on the exact per capita water availability
• The water situation in Pakistan is going from bad to worse
Table 2:Per Capita Water Availability of Pakistan (WAPDA Report
2003)
Table 3:Per Capita Water Availability of different
countries

140. Pakistan’s Water Demand
• WAPDA has assumed a value of 104 MAF for it’s year 2025 vision since 2004
Year 2004 2025
Availability 104 MAF 104MAF ?????
Requirement
(Including Drinking Water)
115 MAF 135MAF
Overall Shortfall 11 MAF 31 MAF
Table 10:Pakistan’s Water Scenario

141. Recommendations
Short Term Recommendations (Within 1 Year)
• Lining of Water Course & Distributaries
• Floodwater Harvesting-New Lakes
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Artificial Rain
• Fish-duck-rice farming
• Importing Water-Intensive Products
• Efficient Water Resource Management
• Hydroponics
• Grey Water Harvesting

142. Recommendations
Mid Term Recommendations (1 to 5 years)
• Water Pricing
• Dredging Barrages & Upstream areas within bunds
• Construct more link canals between rivers
• Check Dams
• Cropping Pattern/Better Yield Crops
• Improving Urban Water Distribution
• Industrial Wastewater Treatment
• Reverse Osmosis of Saline Water
Long Term Recommendations(More than 5 years)
• Lining of Canals
• Desalination
• Building dams & reservoirs

143. Everybody needs it for drinking!!!