Energy Storage - 6: Dr Andreas Haue, BVES
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On Thursday 19 November 2015, the British Embassy in Paris hosted a second trilateral workshop with French, German and British delegates from the research, government and business sectors to discuss the importance of energy storage.
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Energy Storage - 6: Dr Andreas Haue, BVES
- 1. Energy Storage – Resaerch-Based Demo Projects In Germany Andreas Hauer TRILATERAL ENERGY STORAGE WORKSHOP, 19 NOVEMBER BRITISH AMBASSADOR’S RESIDENCE, PARIS
- 2. Energy Storage – Basic Definitions
- 3. Definitions „Energy Storage“ What is energy storage? An energy storage system can take up energy and deliver it at a later point in time. The storage process itself consists of three stages: The charging, the storage and the discharging. After the discharging step the storage can be charged again. Charging Storage Discharging
- 4. Definitions „Energy Storage“ What is actually stored? The form of energy (electricity, heat, cold, mechanical energy, chemical energy), which is taken up by an energy storage system, is usually the one, which is delivered. However, in many cases the charged type of energy has to be transformed for the storage (e.g. pumped hydro storage or batteries). It is re-transformed for the discharging. In some energy storage systems the transformed energy type is delivered (e.g. Power-to-Gas or Power-to-Heat). h
- 5. Relation between energy storage systems and their applications The technical and economical requirements for an energy storage system are determined by its actual application within the energy system. Therefore any evaluation and comparison of energy storage technologies is only possible with respect to this application. The application determines the technical requirements (e.g. type of energy, storage capacity, charging/discharging power,…) as well as the economical environment (e.g. expected pay-back time, price for delivered energy,…). Definitions „Energy Storage“ Electrolysis Hydrogen
- 7. Energy Storage Technologies Electrical Energy Storage Thermal Energy Storage Chemical Energy Storage
- 10. Constant Supply Fluctuating Supply Matching Supply and Demand
- 11. „Storage of Power“ „Storage of Energy“ e.g. Power Reserve e.g. Peak Shaving / Dispatchable Load Difference between Power & Energy Power Power Seconds - Minutes Hours – Days
- 12. Integration of Renewable Electricity • Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start • Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid • Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy • Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat • Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Industrial Processes • Waste Heat Utlization • Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings • Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production • Fossil Thermal Power Plants • Heat Utilization of CHP • … Mobility • Propulsion • Heating / Air Conditioning Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
- 13. Integration of Renewable Electricity • Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start • Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid • Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy • Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat • Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Industrial Processes • Waste Heat Utlization • Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings • Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production • Fossil Thermal Power Plants • Heat Utilization of CHP • … Mobility • Propulsion • Heating / Air Conditioning EES – TES – EES/TES/CES Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
- 14. Some examples for Demo-Projects in Germany
- 15. Integration of Renewable Electricity • Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start • Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid • Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy • Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat • Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Industrial Processes • Waste Heat Utlization • Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings • Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production • Fossil Thermal Power Plants • Heat Utilization of CHP • … Mobility • Propulsion • Heating / Air Conditioning Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
- 16. • Within the building 25.600 Lithium-Manganoxide cells are installed • 5 medium voltage transformers are connecting the storage to the grid 5 MW battery power plant can replace a conventional 50 MW turbine due to its accurate control potential • 5 MW/5 MWh • Lithium-Ion • Primary control • Option to extend to 10 MW/10 MWh • Commissioned: 06/2014 Schwerin Battery Park Batteries react accurate and fast to frequency changes
- 17. Island Solution „Smart Region Pellworm“
- 18. Pilot project for H2-elektrolysis and storage at Mainz, Germany Partner: Stadtwerke Mainz, Linde, Siemens and Hochschule RheinMain • Siemens PEM elektrolyser peak power 6 MW • Linde ionic compressor for flexible and energy efficienten operation • H2 pressure storage ~1000 kg (~33 MWh) • H2-Trailer filling station • H2 feed-in into the natural gas network • Electricity supply from different sources: Wind, power reserve, spot market… Goals: • Operation of local electricity grid • Testing and operation experiences of components and system • Intelligent controlling and market integrationSteuerung & Marktintegration Pilot Project „Energiepark Mainz“
- 19. © ZAE Bayern Solar District Heat, Munich • 13 Buildings • 320 Appartements • 30.400 m² (floor area) • 2.900 m² Solar Collectors • Absorption driven by District Heat • Seasonal Storage (Summer/Winter) • Hot Water Storage • Volume 6.000 m³ • Temperatures 10°C - 95°C SystemStorage
- 20. © ZAE Bayern Mobile Heat Storage for Waste Heat Utilization © ZAE Bayern • Thermochemical heat storage (adsorption) • Charging temperature up to 300 °C • Discharging temperature adjustable • Waste heat from a waste incineration plant for an industrial drying process (distance 7km) • Storage capacity 4 MWh, thermal power 0.5 MW
- 21. Flywheels for Energy Efficiency Properties: • High speed rotor with max. 45.000 U/min. • 1 flywheel 22 kW, up to 28 flywheels in one container • Ideal cycle time some seconds to 30 minutes Subway Trains or Trams: • Break energy can be recovered and used for other trains or stations electricity demand • Storage for some minutes for later use • Avoiding voltage peaks by storage Example: Two breaking subway trains deliver electricity for one train to accelerate! Container Lifting • By diesel engines (high fuel consumption) or electriccal motors (high power peaks) • Storage at lowering for next lifting • Fuel or electricity savings and reduction of power price
- 23. Storage technology Storage Mechanis m Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 % # cycles $/kW $/kWh ¢/kWh- delivere d Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Electro- chemical < 1,7 < 22 day - month 84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98 2960 - 5440 1230 - 3770 620 - 2760 17 - 102 Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Electro- chemical 1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,86 1620 - 4500 260 - 2560 210 - 920 9 - 55 Lead Acid battery Electro- chemical 0.1 - 30 < 30 day - month 22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85 160 - 1060 350 - 850 130 - 1100 21 - 102 Redox/Flow battery Electro- chemical < 7 < 10 day - month 18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85 1510 - 2780 650 - 2730 120 - 1600 5 - 88 Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Mechanical 2 - 300 14 - 2050 day - 2 - 7 at 20 - 80 bar 0,4 - 0,75 8620 - 17100 15 - 2050 30 - 100 2 - 35 Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanical 450 - 2500 8000 - 190000 day - month 0,27 at 100m 0,27 at 100m 0,63 - 0,85 12800 - 33000 540 - 2790 40 - 160 0,1 - 18 Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 34000 2,7 - 160 at 1 - 700 bar 0,22 - 0,50 1 384 - 1408 - 25 - 64 Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44 Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6 Thermochemic al storage (TCS) Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 - 10 - 130 1 - 5 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Comparison of storage technologies is difficult. There is a strong influence of the actual application on the storage properties!
- 24. Storage technology Storage Mechanis m Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 % # cycles $/kW $/kWh ¢/kWh- delivere d Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Electro- chemical < 1,7 < 22 day - month 84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98 2960 - 5440 1230 - 3770 620 - 2760 17 - 102 Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Electro- chemical 1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,86 1620 - 4500 260 - 2560 210 - 920 9 - 55 Lead Acid battery Electro- chemical 0.1 - 30 < 30 day - month 22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85 160 - 1060 350 - 850 130 - 1100 21 - 102 Redox/Flow battery Electro- chemical < 7 < 10 day - month 18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85 1510 - 2780 650 - 2730 120 - 1600 5 - 88 Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Mechanical 2 - 300 14 - 2050 day - 2 - 7 at 20 - 80 bar 0,4 - 0,75 8620 - 17100 15 - 2050 30 - 100 2 - 35 Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanical 450 - 2500 8000 - 190000 day - month 0,27 at 100m 0,27 at 100m 0,63 - 0,85 12800 - 33000 540 - 2790 40 - 160 0,1 - 18 Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 34000 2,7 - 160 at 1 - 700 bar 0,22 - 0,50 1 384 - 1408 - 25 - 64 Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44 Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6 Thermochemic al storage (TCS) Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 - 10 - 130 1 - 5 Application: Long Term Storage
- 25. Transport ~ 90 % ~ 62% Total: Storage ~ 90 %© U. Stimming, TUM Efficiency: Hydrogen: Electrolysis ~ 85 % Compression ~ 90 % Fuel: Overall Efficiency 60 % Electricity: Overall Efficiency 30 % Heating: Overall Efficiency 60 % Application: Long Term Storage
- 26. Heat Pump ~ 300 % Efficiency: ~ 225 % Total Hot Water: Storage ~ 75 % © ZAE Bayern Fuel: not possible! Electricity: not possible! Heating: Overall Efficiency 225 % Application: Long Term Storage
- 27. Important: • Look at the whole efficiency chain! • Take the „value“ of the stored energy („exergy“!) into account! • Take the final energy demand into account! • Also Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cold is an option! • Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application! Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies
- 28. Conclusions
- 29. A large number of different energy storage technologies is available or subject to R&D at the moment A large number of different applications of energy storage will come up in our future energy systems Energy storage technologies can only be evaluated and compared - technically and economically - within an actual application Conclusions The final energy demand and the overall efficiency of the energy storage system has to be taken into account, when assigning storage technologies to storage applications
- 30. Thank you very much for your attention!
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