Data Driven Ontology Practices: The Real world objects of Ordnance Survey Ireland
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AoIR 2017 Panel 17 Dorpat-Ewers, Tartu 9-10:30AM Data Driven Ontology Practices The Real world objects of Ordnance Survey Ireland Abstract is available here: https://www.conftool.com/aoir2017/index.php?page=browseSessions&form_session=258&presentations=show
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Semelhante a Data Driven Ontology Practices: The Real world objects of Ordnance Survey Ireland
Semelhante a Data Driven Ontology Practices: The Real world objects of Ordnance Survey Ireland (20)
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Mais de Communication and Media Studies, Carleton University (20)
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Data Driven Ontology Practices: The Real world objects of Ordnance Survey Ireland
- 1. AoIR 2017 Panel 17 Dorpat-Ewers, Tartu 9-10:30AM Data Driven Ontology Practices The Real world objects of Ordnance Survey Ireland Dr. Tracey P. Lauriault Assistant Professor of Critical Media and Big Data School of Journalism and Communication Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada Tracey.Lauriault@Carleton.ca ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-2738
- 2. Table of Contents • Introduction • Case Study & Data Collection • Methods • Assemblage • Making up Spaces • Genealogy • Preliminary Observations • Acknowledgement
- 3. Social-shaping qualities of data (Rob Kitchin, 2012)
- 4. Programmable City Translation: City into code & data Transduction: Code & data reshape city Understanding the city (Knowledge) How are digital data materially & discursively supported & processed about cities & their citizens? How does software drive public policy development & implementation? Managing the city (Governance) How are discourses & practices of city governance translated into code? How is software used to regulate & govern city life? Working in the city (Production) How is the geography & political economy of software production organised? How does software alter the form & nature of work? Living in the city (Social Politics) How is software discursively produced & legitimated by vested interests? How does software transform the spatiality & spatial behaviour of individuals? Creating the smart city Dublin Dashboard Rob Kitchin, National University of Ireland, Maynooth
- 6. Socio-Technological Transformation The objective is the provision of a single vision of the geographic ‘truth’ of the state, one that is standardized to align with OSi’s mission “to create, maintain and provide the State’s definitive mapping and geospatial information services to support citizens, business and government”, and its vision to be “the national provider of trusted, maintained geospatial data and platforms to ensure the State’s location data is easy to find, share and use” (OSi 2016).
- 7. Polygon Ireland Reference Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon Data Models are deceptively simple looking Ireland becomes a real- world, feature-based information, national- scale spatial data platform which consisted of the sum of its materially defined parts defined by rules with topologically accurate, uniquely identified objects with spatial coordinates, attributes and spatial relations.
- 8. A intersects B A B B A A B A is within B A touches B A crosses B A is Z+1 over BA = B+C+D+E A B C D E A B Topology In the database objects are described in code as having geometry, coordinates and attributes. In the OSi model, objects can be contained within objects.
- 9. Ontologizing the City - From Old School National Cartographic Based Classification toward a Rules Based Real-World Object Oriented National Database Object of Study • Data assemblage of OSi PRIME2 • Examine how ‘real’ things are understood in the new object oriented data model • Assess if these change how space is modelled and then acted upon Time frame • Jan. 2015-2018 Data Management and Ethics • ERC • Maynooth University • SSHRC Tri-Council Case Study Outputs • Case study report • Data assemblage • Tracing the production of space • Genealogy from class to object • Academic publications Funding • Programmable City Project • P.I. Prof. Rob Kitchin • NIRSA, Maynooth University • European Research Council Advanced Investigator Award • ERC-2012-AdG-323636-SOFTCITY
- 10. Data Collection Attend OSi & 1Spatial Road shows and public speaking events • One day coordinated field trip & group interviews at OSi Sligo (survey data capture unit) • Examine the Prime & Prime2 flow lines • Real-time survey and data update of a building • 1.5 months as an embedded researcher, OSi in Phoenix Park • One-on-one interviews with key actors (Transcribed audio recordings) • Group interview • Document Collection • Collection of objects across time for Dublin
- 11. Heuston station across time Cassini, 6”, 1st ed. Circa? Cassini 6”, 1943-44Cassini 25”, 1st ed, Circa? Cassini25”, 1936 Heuston Station, Prime2 MapGenie Heuston Station, Prime2 SOE
- 12. Ireland Reference Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon 1. Way 2. Water 3. Vegetation 4. Artificial 5. Exposed PolygonSuperimposed Networked Sites Locals Polygon Polygon Polygon Objects Skin of the Earth Objects Reference Object
- 13. Seamless, topologically consistent blanket of polygons that cover the entire surface of Ireland w/no holes or gaps
- 14. Evolution • Institutionally • Colonial surveyor • Military Mapping Organization • Civil Service National Mapping Organization (NMO) • State Body NMO • Will become a NMO w/in Tailte Éireann • Technologically • Data collection • Techniques • Scale • Geometry • Skill • Technologies • Dissemination • Scope • Colonial mapping • National mapping • Post Colonial mapping • OSi/OSNI/OSGB • EU / Inspire / NSDI • Global
- 16. Etymology
- 17. Relationality
- 18. Genealogy of a model
- 19. Genealogy of a Model
- 20. Genealogy of a model
- 21. Genealogy of a data model
- 22. Models are also actors • Models shape • how the world is viewed • the world of work • tools & techniques • the structure of an organization • how organizations interconnect with others • Models augment space • Models are socially constructed by people
- 23. Skin of the Earth Object Modelling 5 skin of the earth objects • Ways • Water • Vegetation • Artificial • Exposed • Z-Layer • Superimposed • Networked • Grouped • GDF1 GDF2 centrelines • Sites • Locales • Boundaries Seamless, topologically consistent blanket of polygons that covers the entire surface of Ireland w/no holes or gaps
- 24. 3 Methods • Assemblage • Making Up Spaces • Genealogy
- 25. Material Platform (infrastructure – hardware) Code Platform (operating system) Code/algorithms (software) Data(base) Interface Reception/Operation (user/usage) Systems of thought Forms of knowledge Finance Political economies Governmentalities - legalities Organisations and institutions Subjectivities and communities Marketplace System/process performs a task Context frames the system/task Digital socio-technical assemblage HCI, Remediation studies Critical code studies Software studies New media studies Game studies Critical Social Science Science Technology Studies Platform studies Places Practices Flowline/Lifecycle Surveillance Studies Critical data studies
- 26. Mapping out the Assemblage
- 27. 2. Genealogy of a Data Model Material Platform (infrastructure – hardware) Code Platform (operating system) Code/algorithms (software) Data(base) Interface Reception/Operation (user/usage) Systems of thought Forms of knowledge Finance Political economies Governmentalities & legalities Organisations and institutions Subjectivities and communities Marketplace System/process performs a task Context frames the system/task Digital socio-technical assemblage HCI, remediation studies Critical code studies Software studies Critical data studies New media studies game studies Critical Social Science Science Technology Studies Platform studies Places Practices Flowline/Lifecycle
- 28. Data Model Genealogy 20151995 2000 2005 2010 Launch Prime2 Requirements Workshop Award of bid RMDS Production Freeze Prime Restructuring Prime 1 RMSI data Re- engineering EU Procurement Directive RatifiedOsi ACT Tender for Conceptua l Model Inspire Contract Awarded, 3 companies build prototypes Data modelling discussions w/OSNI, OS UK
- 29. 3. Making up Spaces (Modified Ian Hacking Framework of Making Up People, Lauriault 2012)
- 30. Iconic City Things Prime2 Data Model Iconic Object Way M50 – Red Cow interchange Water Docklands – Samuel Beckett Bridge / Gasometers Vegetation Collins Barracks / Esplanade Building Observatory, GPO, Liberty Hall, Heuston Station, Connelly Station, Collins Barracks, OSI, Conference Centre, Digital hub Guinness Factory, Ivy trust Guinness – flat complexes, park area beano, public baths, Hilton Hotel / Rowntree Sweets, Kilmainham jail & museum, Croke Park / Lansdowne Road Artificial Bull Wall island Z-Order Priority Samuel Becket Bridge, Kings Bridge, Halfpenny Bridge (Way & Structure) Superimposed Objects - Structure Nelsons pillar blow up in 1966/Spire? Stiletto in the Ghetto, Wellington monument – obelisk Divisions City Walls / Antiquity, The Pale, Guinness Walls Networks – water, rail, roads Liffey & Grand Canal, M50, North & South Circular, Heuston, Connelly, Luas Grouped Objects M50 road network Names. N & S Circular Road, Rivers & Canals Sites, Locals Trinity (Site), Temple Bar (Locale)
- 32. 1. Classification 2. Object of Study 3. Institutions4. Knowledge 5. Experts Looping Effect a. Counting b. Quantifying c. Creating Norms d. Correlation e. Taking Action f. Scientification g. Normalization h. Bureaucracy i. Resistance Engines of Discovery Derived Engines
- 33. OSi Index of Map Sheets (Pictures of vector lines) Extract of OSi real-world object database, PRIME2 Model
- 34. I would like to express my gratitude to all at the Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi) for generously sharing their knowledge and time. The research for this paper was funded by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator award (ERC-2012-AdG-323636-SOFTCITY.
Notas do Editor
- Today I will be discussing a methodological approach for critically examining a data model. The central question examines is how is a city translated into code and data, and how does that code and data transduce and reshape the city with the objective of trying to understand the techno-political processes by which a city is modeled / translated into a database? What does that database model look like? In what ways does that model transduce space and reshape the city? Is the relationship between model and city recursive and can the city database eventually learn about itself from itself and simulate the city (Beaudrillard, 1981)? What would be included and what would be left out of the database in order to avoid the similitude problem of Lewis Carrol’s map of the city at the scale of a ‘mile of a mile’ (Carroll 1893), or where cartography is so perfect that a map includes each house, mountain or tree represented by just that, the houses, mountains and trees as Borges’ satirically wrote in the Exactitude of Science (1946). Who decides?
- The central objective of the programmable city project is to unpack“how software and data make a difference to contemporary urbanism”, by analyzing the city with “respect to four key urban practices - understanding, managing, working, and living in the city”.
- Now begins the story. I was invited to the 1Spatial Roadshow in September of 2014 by OSi. 1Spatial is a private sector company based in the UK which was awarded, by competitive bid, the contract to re-model and re-engineer Ordnance Survey Ireland’s (OSi) data. It was at this event that I realized that Ireland was being ontologized in an entirely new way. My hunch was that this was nothing less than a major socio-technological transformation and perhaps one of the biggest OSi has ever undergone. Furthermore, this innovation, it would seem, would influence the direction of other national mapping organizations around the world. (OSi) was established in 1824 as a national mapping organization (NMO), while Ireland was under the occupation of the British. It has since changed quite a bit, it was colonial surveyor and military mapping organization under the British to a NMO just after independence in 1922. In 2002 it becomes a state body with both state and commercial functions under the Ordnance Survey Ireland Act 2001. In December 2016 a new National Mapping Agreement was officially signed with the Government and the OSi’s mandate will once again change when it merges with the Valuation Office and the Property Registration Authority sometime in 2017 to become Tailte Éireann. OSi is a well-established institution, every child studies its maps in school and all utilities and government offices rely on its maps and data to deliver services and programs. One of the questions of the case study is to consider whether or not Ireland will be imagined differently given the new ontology employed in its Prime2 database. OSi is renowned for its mapping innovation internationally. Ireland was the first nation in the world to be completely scientifically surveyed in 1837-1846 by the British at the height of the empire’s colonial era. The technique was exported throughout the colonies and surveying became a norm and an established state apparatus globally (Foucault 1977). Like many NMOs it went digital in the mid-1970s and OSi implemented a series of geometrical framework models, created a new digital data collection, and developed new mapping techniques as computing power increased, the Internet grew, new software and hardware tools were developed, and instrumentation improved and as earth observation (EO) technologies and imagery became more precise and accessible.
- Between 2007-2014 OSi and 1Spatial (a geospatial consultancy) created the Prime2 National Spatial Information Platform and together remodeled and re-engineered OSi data, institutionalized a new geospatial data management system, and built a new operational infrastructure. OSi, as one of the scientific arms of the state, typifies biopolitics both in terms of the management of territory and governmentality with respect to doing so (Foucault 2010, Garland 1997). The OSi was transitioning from the production and maintenance of a cartographic data system (Prime) produced exclusively for national mapping, toward spatial data as a big data database with mapping as just one application. In a seven year period, the OSi re-engineered its data assets from sheet, tile and vector based cartographic mapping to a seamless, scale independent real-world object oriented model approach.
- In this model, Ireland is a set of objects that are topologically defined in relation to other objects, but also in relation to a reference object, which in this case is the geometry of the Islands of Ireland. In a sense, Ireland became a real-world, feature-based information, national-scale spatial data platform which consisted of the sum of its materially defined parts defined by rules with topologically accurate, uniquely identified objects with spatial coordinates, attributes and spatial relations (OSi 2014). It is no longer a map, but database of potential maps (Dodge, Kitchin and Perkins 2009)
- While depicted as images for illustrative purposes, in the database objects are described in code as having geometry, coordinates and attributes. In the OSi model, objects can be contained within objects. For example, a building is located within a land area covered by a lawn. Objects can also intersect (i.e., a road intersects another) and they can touch and share a point or a boundary (i.e., the lawn surrounds the four sides of house and touches a fence). There are also grouped objects, which are a collection of objects that share common attributes but do not have a persistent geometry (a mall area). In this case, their geometry is derived from the union of all the objects in that group (i.e., a university campus and its parking lots and green areas, etc.). Finally, some objects may overlay others and are defined by a Z order priority, an object in this instance can be one or two or more orders above the skin of the earth (i.e. bridge over water) or below it (i.e., aqueduct).
- Information about the Case Study between the OSi and the Programmable City Project but undertaken by Tracey Lauriault under the Directorship of Professor Rob Kitchin.
- Data collection and approaches include: Model creation, cartography, production, photogrammetry, map preservation, data re-engineering, budget, procurement and contracting, licencing and law, marketing, CTO, SDI managers, surveyors and gate keeper One full day interview with data modeling & data re-engineering team, including consultants & project managers As discussed in the data assemblage: contract, requirements, specifications, modeling descriptions, flow lines, budgets, org charts, strategy documents, working wiki, historical records, code, instruction manuals, guidebooks, photos of machinery, screen captures of systems Places in Dublin as understood in the old and the new model, and as seen or captured in the new and the old technological systems
- For example, maps were hand drawn from the original survey, these maps were then scanned and digitized/transcribed, those lines, points, polygons were arranged in sheets and were cartographically rendered, edited and managed with a tremendous amount of ‘localized’ knowledge by the cartographers. The data model is developed and these cartographic data are shipped to India for re-engineering into polygons, re-described and ascribed a unique ID. The final image is an example of how one calls up and views the new data.
- As we have just heard from Mick Cory and Andy McGill, the OSi has always been an innovator, it has overtime pragmatically embraced technologies and has implemented innovative practices. But none quite like this one, and in this case the OSi is leading and not following technology. The institution has changed and evolved, and the scope of the OSi’s work has evolved to become a regional and global leader, setting new standards and ways of working. OSi has intelligently entered into the brave new world of big data, spatially augmenting Ireland with code/software/data from one reliable source.
- This is transformative, Ireland is modelled into a topologically consistent database of polygons, which can be mapped at multiple scales in multiple formats, these polygons are also a series of linked objects that relate to other objects within the OSis collection/database of objects, or these can link to other artifacts, such as: RTE’s digital media; digitized museum and archeological collections that are engineered into linked data; 1916 letters; big data found in the commercial sector, such as utilities, property and valuation records, industry and finance, and social media, and also other aspects of the environment such as ecological zones, wind energy turbines, climate etc. The model becomes a core infrastructure upon which new knowledge can be produced. These data can also be linked to near real time data, sensor feeds and be the framework for smart city technologies. These data may allow for the modeling of dynamic processes, ebbs and flows of water, traffic, climate. They become an authoritative, reliable, and trusted state framework dataset. Image source http://labs.sogeti.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/digital-change.jpg
- Socio-technological transformations include connections to the past, things have a genealogy, a history, an etymology. Nothing is fixed, things come into being, yet things get captured and fixed in a moment is important. In the Heusten station example just shown, the maps captured and fixed space in sheets, and as we know those maps and those things mapped did not come from nowhere. They too have a provenance as Andy just discussed, and as Declan and Colin will discuss after the break. They come from pre-existing models of the world, which were captured in paper, based on older geometries and these retain their etymology in Prime2, we can trace the changes. These are stored in older media, the big data of the past if you will and these too will be made accessible in digital forms and preserved in Prime2 but also in the archives.
- Those older media were the foundation of Prime, Prime2 echoes Prime. New data coming into Prime2 are topologically situated in the past, as Prime data remain the core, but these Prime data are re-engineered data, bridging the past to now, but also traces of change. New data come into Prime2 and relate to all the other data in the database, a model that is continuously and dynamically coming into being.
- Models also have a past, and they too do not come from nowhere or suddenly appear. As discussed, Prime2 is an element of a large and complex socio-technological system – part of an assemblage – which interconnects with & enables other constellations of assemblages. This model has a history, and has evolved, it is based on real things and how those things fit into the world, a model of it and them, and all of those things are understood, mapped and modelled in a cohesive reality, of ‘real’ objects, and these are socially constructed by real people, with their views of the world, their knowledge about it, and their applied skill and expertise.
- Models also have a past, and they too do not come from nowhere or suddenly appear. As discussed, Prime2 is an element of a large and complex socio-technological system – part of an assemblage – which interconnects with & enables other constellations of assemblages. This model has a history, and has evolved, it is based on real things and how those things fit into the world, a model of it and them, and all of those things are understood, mapped and modelled in a cohesive reality, of ‘real’ objects, and these are socially constructed by real people, with their views of the world, their knowledge about it, and their applied skill and expertise.
- Models also have a past, and they too do not come from nowhere or suddenly appear. As discussed, Prime2 is an element of a large and complex socio-technological system – part of an assemblage – which interconnects with & enables other constellations of assemblages. This model has a history, and has evolved, it is based on real things and how those things fit into the world, a model of it and them, and all of those things are understood, mapped and modelled in a cohesive reality, of ‘real’ objects, and these are socially constructed by real people, with their views of the world, their knowledge about it, and their applied skill and expertise.
- Genealogies are a technique used to examine the related elements of socio-technological assemblages. The above is an early illustration of the genealogy of the Prime2 data model.
- As discussed at the beginning of this talk, data have social shaping qualities. The work between the OSi and the Programmable City Project, is an example of an empirical study to follow how taken for granted technologies, classifications, databases and data, which eventually normalize into routine work, whose roots eventually get forgotten, and eventually seem like natural things, infrastructure that have a technological momentum of their own, shape how the world is viewed, shape the world of work, shape the tools and techniques applied, shape the structure of an organization, and shape how an organization interconnects with others. Prime2 is augmenting space, will continue to augment Ireland. Models, it needs to be remembered are socially constructed by people. In this case a dedicated group of people at the OSi.
- http://www.osi.ie/OSI/media/OSI/Prime2_Docs/Prime2-V-2.pdf Super imposed objects
- Foucauldian historical form of inquiry, in this case the subject of study is the model itself, more so its formation and to a lesser extent its constituent parts, it is informed by both the context and the system/process of the Assemblage, with a greater emphasis on the above elements