2. CROSS SECTION-ELEMENTS
• Right of way
• Traveled way/Carriage way
• Road way
• Median
• Shoulder
• Curb/Kerb
• Traffic Barriers
• Bicycle and Pedestrian facilities
• Drainage channels
• Side slopes
• Camber or Cross-slope
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6. 6
RIGHT-OF-WAY?
• Right-of-Way is the term used to describe the right to pass over another’s land.
• When the government acquires land for Highway Purposes it is actually
obtaining “Right-of-Way” over land on which a public road ultimately will be
built.
• It is a Constitutional right of the government to acquire land for public
purposes
• The every Department of Transportation will execute this right only when it
will benefit the public.
7. • Right ofWay. (page num 754 of garber &hoel)
The right of way is the total land area acquired for the construction of a highway.
The width should be sufficient to accommodate all the elements of the highway
cross section, any planned widening of the highway, and public-utility facilities that
will be installed along the highway.
In some cases, the side slopes may be located outside the right of way on easement
areas.The right of way for two-lane urban collector streets should be between 40
and 60 ft, whereas the desirable minimum for two-lane arterials is 84 ft. Right-of-way
widths for undivided four-lane arterials vary from 64 to 108 ft, whereas for divided
arterials, they range from about 120 to 300 ft, depending on the numbers of lanes
and whether frontage roads are included.
The minimum right-of-way widths for freeways depend on the number of lanes and
the existence of a frontage road.
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8. RIGHT OF WAY (ROW)
Requirements of area for right of way are as follows:
• For Single lane = 50-100 ft width of area
• For 2 lane road = 150 ft width of area
• For 4 lane road = 250 ft width of area
• For 8 lane road = 300 ft width of area
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9. TRAVELED WAY OR CARRIAGE WAY
• The portion of the roadway
provided for the movement of
vehicles,excluding the width of
shoulders.
• Number of lanes on a traveled
way are decided on the basis of
expected traffic volumes and
appropriate level of service
required for the facility.
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11. A = Roadway
B = Carriage way
C = Lane
D = Shoulder
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12. TRAVELED WAY OR CARRIAGE WAY
• Lane width strongly influences traffic safety and comfort
• Lane width ranges from 8-12 ft as 12 ft lane predominant on
high-type highways
• Two-lane two-way highways with the 12 ft (3.6 m) lane provide
safe clearance between large commercial vehicles.
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13. SHOULDER
• Shoulders are the strips provided on both sides of the carriage way.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
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14. FUNCTION OF SHOULDER
• It is provided along the road edge to serve as an emergency lane for
vehicle.
• It act as a service lane for vehicles that have broken down.
• IRC recommended the minimum shoulder width is 2.5 m
• It should have sufficient load bearing capacity even in wet weather.
• The surface of the shoulder be rougher than the traffic lanes so that
vehicles are discouraged to use the shoulder as a regular traffic.
• The colour should be different from that of the pavement so as to be
distinct.
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15. WIDTH OF SHOULDER
• Low-type roads -- minimum 0.6 m, recommended 1.8-2.4 m
• Shoulder provided for bicycles -- minimum 1.2 m wide
• High-type roads -- minimum 3.0 m, recommended 3.6 m
• Shoulders should be continuous.
• Shoulders on bridges should have the same width as on the
approach sections.
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16. ROAD WAY
• The portion of a highway provided for vehicular use.
• It includes both carriageway and shoulders.
A = Roadway
B = Carriage way
C = Lane
D = Shoulder
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17. MEDIAN OR SEPARATOR
• It is the physical or painted separation provided on
divided highways between two adjacent roadways.
• Medians can also be used to isolate slow and fast
moving traffic in the same direction.
• Width of medians ranges from
1.2 to 24 m.
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20. FUNCTION OF MEDIAN
• Separate opposing traffic
• Used for Plantation
• Recovery area for out-of-control vehicles
• Stopping area
• Minimize headlight glare
• Provision for future lanes
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22. FUNCTION OF CURB
• Drainage control
• Delineation of pedestrian walkways
• Reduction in maintenance operation
• Assistance in roadside development
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23. TYPES OF CURB
Vertical curbs -- discourage vehicles from leaving the roadway,
not desirable on high-speed highways, desirable on urban
roads, and along long walls, tunnels to protect safety walks.
Sloping curbs -- vehicle can cross them readily when required,
used at median edges, to outline channelizing islands, at the
outer edge of the shoulder.
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25. FOOT PATH OR SIDE WALK
• Foot paths are provided in Urban roads
• These are raised strips constructed along both the
edges of roads.
• Their minimum recommended width is 1.3 m.
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28. FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC BARRIER
A longitudinal barrier, including bridge rail, or an impact
attenuator used to
• To prevent median crossovers
• To prevent errant vehicles from going over the side of a bridge
structure
• To protect workers (occasionally)
• To protect pedestrians, or bicyclists from vehicular traffic
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29. BICYCLE AND PARKING LANE
• BICYCLE LANE: is a portion of the roadway designated by
striping, signing, and/or pavement markings for preferential or
exclusive use by bicycles and/or other non-motorized vehicles.
• PARKING LANE: is an additional lane provided on Urban
roads and streets for on-street parking.
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31. DRAINAGE CHANNELS
• Drainage channels are provided along the length of road by
side slopes for storm water drainage etc.
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32. DRAINAGE CHANNEL
Drainage channels should:
• Have adequate capacity for the design runoff,
• Minimize damage to the highway caused by unusual storm
water,
• Minimize risk for motorists,
• Re resistant to the high speed water flows where expected,
• Prevent sedimentation of the particles carried by water.
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33. SIDE SLOPES
• The Slope of earthwork in filling or in cutting is called Side
Slope.
Side slopes should
• Insure the stability of the roadway
• Provide opportunity for recovery of an out-of-control vehicle.
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35. SIDE SLOPES
• Slopes steeper than 1:3 can be used only where justified by
local conditions
• Side slopes of 1:5 or 1:6 are recommended in the flat areas to
reduce snow drifts
• Retaining walls should be considered where slopes would be
steeper than 1:2
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