1. Human Anatomy
Introduction

2. What is Anatomy?
• Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned
with the study of the structure of organisms
and their parts.
• Latin anatomia/ Greek anatomē - to cut up
/dissection
• Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY!
• Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of
the human body

3. Divisions of Anatomy
Macroscopic / Gross
Anatomy
• Structures that can be
seen with the naked
eye
• Muscles, bones, various
organs
Microscopic Anatomy
• Structures that cannot
be seen with the eye
• Need to use a
microscope
Cytology = study of cells
Histology = study of
tissues

4. What are we made of ?

5. Ways to Study Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy – study one region of the
body at a time and learn everything about the
region. E.g.-the foot or the inguinal region
• Systemic Anatomy – study one body system
at a time. E. g.- Digestive system

6. Anatomical Organization
• Cells- The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the
basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known
living organisms.
• Tissues- A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their
extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry
out a specific function.
• Organs- A group of tissues that perform a specific function or
group of functions
• Organ Systems- In biology, an organ system is a group of
organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of
certain tissues.
• Organism- An individual living thing that can react to stimuli,
reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis.

7. Organ Systems
1. Integument
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Circulatory
8. Lymphatic
9. Respiratory
10. Digestive
11. Urinary
12. Reproductive

8. Integumentary System
• The integumentary system comprises the skin and its
appendages acting to protect the body from various
kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from
outside.
• Components
– Skin
– Hair, nails
• Function
– External covering
– Protection
– Synthesis of Vitamin D
– Location of Sense receptors

9. Muscular System
• Components
– Skeletal Muscles
– Associated Connective Tissues
(tendons)
• Function
– Locomotion (movement ability)
– Facial expression (communication)
– Maintain posture

10. Skeletal System
• Components
– Bones (206)
– Joints and adjacent cartilages
• Function
– Support
– Protection
– Movement
– Blood cell production (red bone
marrow)
– Mineral storage (calcium and
phosphorus)

11. Circulatory System
• The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system
or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood
to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and
electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood
cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment
and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH,
and maintain homeostasis.
• Components
– Blood vessels
– blood
• Function
Transportation of materials
– Within the body
– To and from internal and external environments

12. Cardiovascular System
• Components
– Heart
– Vessels
• Function
– Transportation of blood
– Blood contains O2 and CO2,
nutrients, wastes, etc.
– Blood composed of plasma and
cells

13. • The lymphatic system is part of
the circulatory system and an
important part of the immune
system, comprising a network of
lymphatic vessels that carry a
clear fluid called lymph (from
Latin, lympha meaning "water"
directionally towards the heart.
• Components
– Lymphatic Organs (spleen, lymph
nodes, thymus, etc.)
– Lymphatic Vessels
• Function
– Transportation of lymph
(Lymph is derived from tissue fluid)
– Houses white blood cells
Lymphatic System

14. Immune System
• The immune system is made up of a network
of cells, tissues, and organs that work together
to protect the body. One of the important cells
involved are white blood cells, also called
leukocytes, which come in two basic types that
combine to seek out and destroy disease-
causing organisms or substances.
• Components
– Immune Organs (red bone marrow, thymus,
etc.)
– White blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages,
etc.)
• Function
– Defense (Immune response)

15. Nervous System
• The nervous system is a complex
network of nerves and cells that
carry messages to and from the
brain and spinal cord to various
parts of the body.
• Components
– Brain, Spinal cord (CNS)
– Nerves (PNS), sense receptors
• Function
– Control system
– Response to external and internal
environments

16. Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is the collection
of glands of an organism that secrete
hormones directly into the circulatory
system to be carried towards distant
target organs. In humans, the major
endocrine glands include the pineal
gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries,
testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
and adrenal glands.
• Components
– Glands that secrete hormones
– E.g.: Pituitary, pancreas, thyroid
• Function
– Control system
– Regulates processes such as growth,
reproduction and nutrient use

17. Respiratory System
• The respiratory system (also respiratory
apparatus, ventilatory system) is a
biological system consisting of specific
organs and structures used for gas
exchange in animals and plants.
• Components
– Lungs
– Tubing ( trachea, bronchus, etc.)
– Larynx (vocal cords)
• Function
– Exchange of respiratory gases (O2 and
CO2) between blood and atmosphere
– Voice production

18. Digestive System
The human digestive system consists of
the gastrointestinal tract plus the
accessory organs of digestion (the
tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver,
and gallbladder).
•Components
– Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine)
– Accessory structures(liver, salivary
glands, etc.)
•Function
– Break down food into small,
absorbable pieces
– Eliminate waste

19. Urinary System
• The urinary system, also known
as the renal system, consists of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
the urethra. Each kidney consists
of millions of functional units
called nephrons.
• Components
– Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder,
Urethra
• Function
– Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from
blood
– Regulates water, electrolytes,
acid/base

20. Reproductive System
• The reproductive system or genital
system is a system of sex organs
within an organism which work
together for the purpose of sexual
reproduction.
• Components
– Male Reproductive System
– Female Reproductive System
• Function
– Perpetuation of the species
(Hormones influence structure and
function)
Sexually bimorphic species

21. Anatomical Terminology
❖ Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an
individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the
floor.
❖ The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.
❖ The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing
forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.

22. Anatomical Terminology
❖A plane is an imaginary surface that slices
the body into specific sections.
❖The three major anatomic planes of
reference are the coronal, transverse, and
sagittal planes.

23. Sections and Planes

24. ❖ A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts
perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
❖ A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides
the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Sections and Planes
❖ A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through the body or organ
vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves.

25. Sections and Planes
❖A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
midsagittal plane.
❖A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane,
but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a
parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
❖A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes
through the specimen at an angle.

26. Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
❖ Relative to front (belly side) or
back (back side) of the body :
▪ Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
▪ Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
▪ Dorsal =At the back side
of the human body
▪ Ventral = At the belly side
of the human body

27. Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
❖Relative to the head or
tail of the body:
▪ Superior = Toward the
head or above
▪ Inferior = Toward feet not
head
▪ Caudal = At the rear or tail
end
▪ Cranial = At the head end

28. Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
❖ Relative to the midline or center of
the body:
▪ Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
▪ Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
▪ Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
▪ Superficial = On the
outside

29. Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
❖Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
▪ Proximal = Closest to point of
attachment to trunk
▪ Distal = Furthest from point
of attachment to trunk

30. Body Regions
❖The human body is partitioned into two main
regions, called the axial and appendicular
regions.
▪ the axial region includes the head, neck, and
trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our
body
▪ our limbs, attach to the body’s axis and make up
the appendicular region

31. Summery:
• Anatomy - Definition
• Organ systems and functions
• Anatomical Terminology