Lifespan Psych Chapter 12

1. Socioemotional
Development in
Adolescence
Chapter 12
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2. 12 - 2
Chapter Outline
• The self, identity, and religious/spiritual
development
• Families
• Peers
• Culture and adolescent development
• Adolescent problems
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

3. 12 - 3
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
• Self esteem
– Self-esteem of girls declines more during
adolescence
– Indicate a perception about whether he or she is
intelligent and attractive
– Narcissism: Self-centered and self-concerned
approach toward others
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

4. 12 - 4
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
• Identity
– Self-portrait composed of many pieces
• Vocational/Career
• Political
• Religious
• Relationship
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

5. 12 - 5
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
• Achievement, intellectual
• Sexual
• Cultural/ethnic
• Interests
• Personality
• Physical
• Identity
– Erikson’s view
• Identity versus identity confusion
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

6. 12 - 6
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
– Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security
and adult autonomy
– Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities
– Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with
a new sense of self
– Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis
suffer identity confusion
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

7. 12 - 7
Figure 12.1 - Marcia’s Four Statuses of
Identity
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

8. 12 - 8
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
• Identity
– Emerging adulthood and beyond
• Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in
emerging adulthood than in adolescence
• Identity does not remain stable throughout life
– “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

9. 12 - 9
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
• Identity
– Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that
includes:
• Sense of membership in an ethnic group
• Attitudes and feelings related to that membership
– Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity
• Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in
other ways with the majority culture
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

10. 12 - 10
The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual
Development
• Religious and spiritual development
– Religion and identity development
– Cognitive development and religion in
adolescence
• Increase in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider
various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts
– The positive role of religion in adolescents’ lives
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

11. 12 - 11
Figure 12.2 - Developmental Changes in
Religiousness from 14 to 24 Years of Age
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12. 12 - 12
Families
• Parental monitoring and information
management
– Supervising adolescents’ choice of:
• Social settings
• Activities
• Friends
• Academic efforts
– When parents engage in positive parenting
practices:
• Adolescents are more likely to disclose information
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

13. 12 - 13
Families
• Autonomy and attachment
– Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and
control, independence and connection
– The push for autonomy
• May puzzle and anger many parents
• Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy is acquired
through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for
control
• Boys are given more independence
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

14. 12 - 14
Families
• Role of attachment
– Securely attached adolescents are less likely to
have emotional difficulties and to engage in
problem behaviors:
• Juvenile delinquency and drug abuse
• Balancing freedom and control
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

15. 12 - 15
Figure 12.3 - Old and New Models of
Parent-Adolescent Relationships
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

16. 12 - 16
Peers
• Friendships
– Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships
that are more intense and more intimate
– Friends become increasingly important in meeting
social needs
– Developmental advantages occur when
adolescents have friends who are:
• Socially skilled, supportive, and oriented toward
academic achievement
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

17. 12 - 17
Figure 12.4 - Developmental Changes in
Self-Disclosing Conversations
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

18. 12 - 18
Peers
• Peer groups
– Peer pressure
• Young adolescents conform more to peer standards
than children do
• Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social
anxiety are most likely to conform to peers
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

19. 12 - 19
Peers
• Peer groups
– Cliques and crowds
• Cliques: Small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that
may form among adolescents
– Engage in similar activities
• Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal
– Members are based on reputation
– May not spend much time together
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

20. 12 - 20
Peers
• Dating and romantic relationships
– Developmental changes in dating and romantic
relationships
• Three stages
– Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to
13 years of age
– Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16
years of age
– Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years
of age
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

21. 12 - 21
Peers
• Dating and romantic relationships
– Dating in gay and lesbian youth
• Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their
sexual orientation or disguise it from others
– Sociocultural contexts and dating
• Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which
dating begins
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

22. 12 - 22
Peers
• Dating and romantic relationships
– Dating and adjustment
• Linked with measures of how well-adjusted
adolescents are
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

23. 12 - 23
Culture and Adolescent Development
• Cross-cultural comparisons
– Health
– Gender
– Family
– Peers
– Time allocation to different activities
– Rites of passage
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

24. 12 - 24
Culture and Adolescent Development
• Ethnicity
– Immigration
• High rates of immigration are contributing to the
growth of ethnic minorities in the U.S.
• Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to
longtime residents
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

25. 12 - 25
Culture and Adolescent Development
– Ethnicity and socioeconomic status
• Interact in ways that exaggerate the influence of
ethnicity
• Ethnic minority adolescents experience:
– Prejudice, discrimination, and bias
– Stressful effects of poverty
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

26. 12 - 26
Figure 12.5 - Developmental Changes in the Amount of
Time U.S. 8-to 18-Year-Olds Spend with Different Types of
Media
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

27. 12 - 27
Culture and Adolescent Development
• The media
– Technology and digitally mediated communication
• e-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites:
– Facebook, chat rooms, video sharing and photo sharing,
• Multiplayer online computer games, and virtual worlds
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

28. 12 - 28
Adolescent Problems
• Juvenile delinquency
– Juvenile delinquent: Adolescent who breaks the
law or engages in behavior that is considered
illegal
– Delinquency rates
• Males more likely to engage in delinquency than
females
• Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are
especially high
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

29. 12 - 29
Adolescent Problems
• Juvenile delinquency
– Causes of delinquency
• Lower class culture
• Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior
• Siblings and delinquent peers
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

30. 12 - 30
Adolescent Problems
• Depression and suicide
– Depression
• Factors contributing to depression
– Genes
– Certain family factors
– Poor peer relationships
• Treatment
– Drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors
– Cognitive behavior therapy
– Interpersonal therapy
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

31. 12 - 31
Adolescent Problems
• Depression and suicide
– Suicide is the 3rd
leading cause of death in 10-to
19-year-olds
– Adolescents contemplate or attempt it
unsuccessfully than actually commit it
– Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but
males are more likely to succeed
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

32. 12 - 32
Adolescent Problems
• Depression and suicide
– Other risk factors
• History of family instability and unhappiness
• Lack of supportive friendships
• Cultural contexts
• Genetic factors
• Depressive symptoms
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

33. 12 - 33
The Interrelation of Problems and Successful
Prevention/Intervention Programs
• Four problems that affect the most
adolescents:
– Drug abuse
– Juvenile delinquency
– Sexual problems
– School-related problems
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

34. 12 - 34
The Interrelation of Problems and Successful
Prevention/Intervention Programs
• Successful intervention programs include:
– Intensive individualized attention
– Community-wide multiagency collaborative
approaches
– Early identification and intervention
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.