1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
11
The Muscular System:
Appendicular
Musculature
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
Lincoln, Nebraska

2. Introduction
• Appendicular Musculature
• Appendicular muscles are responsible for:
• Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Moving the upper and lower limbs
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3. Introduction
• Appendicular Muscles
• Account for roughly 40 percent of the skeletal
muscles in the body
• Two major groups of appendicular muscles:
• The muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper
limbs
• The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
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4. Factors affecting appendicular muscles function
Muscles of the appendicular skeleton may cross one or
more joints between its origin and insertion.
The position of the muscle as it crosses a joint helps
determine the action of that muscle.
Complex actions often involve more than one joint of
appendicular skeleton.
Muscles that cross only one joint typically act as prime
movers; muscles that cross more than one joint
typically act as synergists.
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5. Figure 11.1 Diagram Illustrating the Insertion of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and the Brachioradialis Muscle
Biceps brachii:
torque and
movement
Brachioradialis:
movement and
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stability
Elbow joint

6. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
Muscles associated with the pectoral girdle and upper limbs can be divided into
four groups:
 Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
 Rotator cuff: supraspinatous, infraspinatous, subscapularis and teres
minor.
 Supraspinatous is located in the supraspinous fossa and assists
the Deltoid muscle in arm abduction.
 Trapezius: covers most of the superficial area of the upper back.
 Muscles that move the arm
 Extensors: Triceps Brachii and ancuneous.
 Innervated by Radial nerve.
 Flexors: Brachialis, Brachioredialis, Biceps brachii
 Innervated mainly by musculocutaneous nerve. Brachioradialis is
also innervated by Radial nerve.
 Muscles that move the forearm and hand
 Muscles that move the hand and fingers
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7. Figure 11.3 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part I
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C1
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Trapezius
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Serratus
anterior
Levator
scapulae
Scapula
C7
T12
Rhomboid
minor
Rhomboid
major
Triceps
brachii

8. Figure 11.4 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II
Trapezius
Subclavius
Pectoralis
major (cut and
reflected)
Pectoralis
minor
Internal
intercostals
External
intercostals
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T12
Levator scapulae
Pectoralis
minor (cut)
Coracobrachialis
Serratus
anterior
Short
head
Long
head
Serratus anterior
Biceps
brachii
(insertion)
Serratus
anterior
(origin)
Trapezius
Origin
Insertion
Subclavius
Pectoralis
major
Pectoralis
minor
Biceps
brachii,
long head
Biceps
brachii,
short head

9. Figure 11.6a Muscles That Move the Arm
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Clavicle
Sternum
Deltoid
Pectoralis
major
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T12
Anterior view
Ribs (cut)
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Teres major
Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head

10. Figure 11.6b Muscles That Move the Arm
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
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Posterior view
Vertebra T1
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Latissimus
dorsi
Thoraco-lumbar
fascia
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
lateral head

11. Figure 11.7b Action Lines for Muscles That Move the Arm
Acromion Clavicle
Entire deltoid:
abduction at
the shoulder
Scapular deltoid:
extension (shoulder)
and lateral rotation
(humerus)
Triceps brachii:
extension and
adduction at
the shoulder
Action lines of the biceps brachii muscle, triceps brachii
muscle, and the three parts of the deltoid muscle
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Clavicular deltoid:
flexion (shoulder)
and medial rotation
(humerus)
Biceps brachii:
flexion at
the shoulder
Humerus

12. Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I
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Palmar carpal
ligament
Superficial muscles of the right
upper limb, anterior view
Coracoid process
of scapula
Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
medial head
Brachialis
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Pronator
quadratus
Flexor
retinaculum

13. Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II
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Infraglenoid
tubercle of
scapula
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
lateral head
Brachioradialis
Olecranon of ulna
Anconeus
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Abductor pollicis
longus
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor
digitorum
Ulna
Radius
Extensor
retinaculum
A diagrammatic view of a dissection
of the superficial muscles

14. Figure 11.8f Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I
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Supinator
Pronator
teres
Radius
Ulna
Pronator
quadratus
Anterior view of the deep muscles
of the supinated forearm. See also
Figures 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8.

15. Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I
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Palmar carpal
ligament
Superficial muscles of the right
upper limb, anterior view
Coracoid process
of scapula
Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
medial head
Brachialis
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Pronator
quadratus
Flexor
retinaculum

16. Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II
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Infraglenoid
tubercle of
scapula
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
lateral head
Brachioradialis
Olecranon of ulna
Anconeus
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Abductor pollicis
longus
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor
digitorum
Ulna
Radius
Extensor
retinaculum
A diagrammatic view of a dissection
of the superficial muscles

17. Figure 11.10a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
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Triceps brachii,
Biceps brachii medial head
Medial
epicondyle
Pronator
teres
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Pronator
quadratus
Flexor
retinaculum
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Palmar carpal
ligament
LATERAL MEDIAL
Anterior view showing
superficial muscles of the
right forearm

18. Figure 11.10b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
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Tendon of
biceps
brachii
Brachioradialis
(retracted)
Median nerve
Pronator teres (cut)
Brachial artery
Radius
Ulna
Flexor carpi
ulnaris (retracted)
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexor pollicis
longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
LATERAL MEDIAL
Anterior view of the middle layer of
muscles. The flexor carpi radialis
muscle and palmaris longus muscle
have been removed.

19. Figure 11.10c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
LATERAL MEDIAL
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Supinator
Brachialis
Cut tendons of
flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor pollicis
longus
Pronator
quadratus
(see Figure
11.8f)
Anterior view of the deep layer of muscles

20. Figure 11.10d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
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MEDIAL LATERAL
Posterior view showing superficial
muscles of the right forearm
Tendon of
triceps
Olecranon
of ulna
Anconeus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Ulna
Extensor
retinaculum
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor
digitorum
Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis

21. Figure 11.10e Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
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Tendon of
extensor
pollicis longus
Anconeus
Extensor
digitorum
Extensor
digiti minimi
Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis
MEDIAL LATERAL
Posterior view of the
middle layer of muscles

22. Figure 11.10f Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
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Anconeus
Supinator
Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Ulna
Tendon of
extensor
digiti minimi
(cut)
Tendon of
extensor
digitorum
(cut)
Radius
MEDIAL LATERAL
Posterior view of the deep
layer of muscles. See also
Figures 7.7, 7.8, and 11.9.

23. Figure 11.11d Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand
Synovial
sheaths
Lumbricals
Palmar
interosseus
Tendons of flexor
digitorum (both
profundus and
superficialis)
Opponens digiti
minimi
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Palmaris brevis (cut)
Abductor digiti
minimi
Flexor retinaculum
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Anterior (palmar) view
Tendon of flexor
carpi ulnaris
Tendon of flexor
digitorum profundus
Tendon of flexor
digitorum superficialis
First dorsal interosseus
Tendon of flexor
pollicis longus
Adductor
pollicis
Flexor pollicis
brevis
Opponens
pollicis
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Tendon of
palmaris longus
Tendon of
flexor carpi radialis

24. Figure 11.11a Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand
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Posterior (dorsal) view
Tendon of
extensor
digiti minimi
Abductor
digiti minimi
Tendon of
extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of
extensor indicis
First dorsal
interosseus
muscle
Tendon of
extensor
pollicis longus
Tendon of extensor
pollicis brevis
Tendon of extensor
carpi radialis longus
Tendon of extensor
carpi radialis brevis

25. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
 The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and more powerful than those
of the upper limbs.
 These muscles can be divided into three groups:
 Muscles that move the thigh
 Adductors of thigh: adductor magnus, adductor lonus, adductor
brevis, gracilis. They are innervated by obturator nerve.
 Muscles that move the leg
 Knee extensors (Quadriceps Femoris): Rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius. They are
innervated by Femoral nerve.
 Knee flexors (Hamstrings): Biceps femoris, semitendinosus,
semimembranosus and sartorius. They are innervated by Sciatic
nerve.
 Muscles that move the foot and toes
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26. Figure 11.12a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I
Semitendinosus
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Posterior view of pelvis showing deep
dissections of the gluteal muscles and
lateral rotators. For a superficial view of
the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2,
11.16, and 11.17a.
Gluteus
maximus
(cut)
Sacrum
Piriformis
Superior
gemellus
Obturator
internus
Inferior
gemellus
Ischial
tuberosity
Gracilis
Adductor
magnus
Biceps femoris
(long head)
Iliac crest
Gluteus medius
(cut)
Gluteus
minimus
Tensor fasciae
latae
Gluteus
medius (cut)
Greater trochanter
of femur
Gluteus maximus
(cut)
Quadratus
femoris
Iliotibial tract
Adductor
magnus

27. Figure 11.13a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part II
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Anterior view of the iliopsoas
muscle and the adductor group
Iliopsoas
Psoas
major
Iliacus
Obturator
internus
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
longus
Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Piriformis
Inguinal
ligament
Obturator
externus
Pectineus
Sartorius
(see Table 11.7)
L5

28. Figure 11.14a The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint
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Iliopsoas:
flexion
Gluteus medius
and minimus:
abduction
Obturator
externus:
lateral rotation
Tensor fasciae latae:
medial rotation
Adductor longus:
adduction and
medial rotation
Hamstring group:
extension
Examples of several muscles
that have more than one action
line crossing the axis of the hip

29. Figure 11.14b The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint
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Adductor
magnus
Action lines of the adductor
magnus

30. Figure 11.15b Muscles That Move the Leg, Part I
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Anterior superior
iliac spine
Femoral nerve
Inguinal ligament
Pubic tubercle
Pectineus
Tensor fasciae latae
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Vastus medialis
Quadriceps tendon
Patella
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Diagrammatic anterior view of the
superficial muscles of the right thigh
Gluteus
medius
Iliacus
Iliotibial
tract Vastus lateralis

31. Figure 11.17a Muscles That Move the Leg, Part III Iliac crest
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Gluteal aponeurosis
over gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae
latae
Gluteus
maximus
Adductor
magnus
Biceps
femoris,
long head
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Iliotibial
tract
Biceps femoris,
short head
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteal artery (red)
and vein (blue)
Tibial nerve
Medial head
of gastrocnemius
Lateral head
of gastrocnemius
Posterior view of superficial
muscles of the right thigh

32. Figure 11.20a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part III
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SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Patella
Iliotibial
tract
Patellar
ligament
Tibial
tuberosity
Fibula
Fibularis
longus
Tibialis
anterior
Tibia
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Extensor
hallucis
longus
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Anterior views showing
superficial and deep muscles
of the right leg

33. Figure 11.18a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I
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Plantaris
Popliteus
Gastrocnemius,
medial head
Soleus
Gastrocnemius,
lateral head
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
(cut and removed)
Calcaneal
tendon
Calcaneus
Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the legs; these
large muscles are primarily responsible for plantar flexion.

34. Figure 11.21a Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
Tendon of
fibularis brevis
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
of fibula
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Tendons of extensor
digitorum longus
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Medial malleolus
of tibia
Tendon of
tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus
Abductor hallucis
Tendon of extensor
hallucis brevis
Extensor expansion
Dorsal views of the right foot
Dorsal interossei
Tendons of extensor
digitorum brevis
Fibularis
brevis
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
of fibula
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Tendons of extensor
digitorum longus
Dorsal interossei
Tendons of extensor
digitorum brevis
Medial malleolus
of tibia
Tendon of
tibialis anterior
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus
Abductor hallucis
Tendon of extensor
hallucis brevis
Extensor expansion

35. Figure 11.21d Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
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Lumbricals
Tendons of
flexor digitorum
brevis overlying
tendons of flexor
digitorum longus
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Abductor
digiti minimi
Plantar
aponeurosis
(cut)
Fibrous
tendon
sheaths
Flexor
hallucis
brevis
Abductor
hallucis
Flexor
digitorum
brevis
Calcaneus
Plantar (inferior) view, superficial layer
of the right foot

36. Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
•Dense connective tissue layers provide a
structural framework for the soft tissues of the
body.
•The connective tissue fibers of the deep fasciae
support and interconnect adjacent skeletal muscles
but permit independent movement.
•The deep fascia extends between the bones and
the superficial fascia and separates the soft tissues
of the limb into separate compartments.
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37. Figure 11.23c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb
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Lateral Compartment
Anterior Compartment
Superficial Posterior Compartment
Deep Posterior Compartment
Horizontal section through
proximal right leg
Fibularis longus
Anterior tibial
artery and vein
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Posterior tibial artery
and vein
Tibialis posterior