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Ch 16_lecture_presentation
- 1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
16
The Nervous System:
The Brain and Cranial
Nerves
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
Lincoln, Nebraska
- 2. Introduction
• The brain is a complex three-dimensional
structure that performs a bewildering
array of functions
• The brain consists of roughly 20 billion
neurons
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain
CEREBRUM
• Conscious thought processes,
intellectual functions
• Memory storage and processing
• Conscious and subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contractions
DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS
• Relay and processing
centers for sensory
information
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Centers controlling
emotions, autonomic
functions, and hormone
production
MESENCEPHALON
• Processing of visual
and auditory data
• Generation of reflexive
somatic motor
responses
• Maintenance of
consciousness
PONS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
CEREBELLUM
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts output of
other somatic motor
centers in brain and
spinal cord
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and
to other portions of the brain stem
• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral
function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and
digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory
information to
cerebellum and
thalamus
• Subconscious
somatic and visceral
motor centers
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
- 5. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
• Major Regions and Landmarks of the Brain
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Mesencephalon (midbrain)
• Diencephalon
• Cerebrum (telencephalon)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Corpus callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Interventricular
foramen
Frontal lobe
Anterior
commissure
Optic chiasm
Mamillary body
Mesencephalon
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pons
Temporal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Fornix
Thalamus
Membranous portion
of epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Parieto-occipital
sulcus
Superior
colliculus Corpora
Inferior quadrigemina
colliculus
Aqueduct
of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
A sagittal section through
the brain
- 7. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
• Medulla oblongata
• Relays information to the thalamus and brain
stem
• Regulates visceral function
• Pons
• Relays information to the thalamus and
cerebellum
• Regulates subconscious somatic and visceral
motor centers
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
• Cerebellum
• Coordinates somatic motor function
• Adjusts output of somatic motor centers
resulting in smooth operation
• Mesencephalon (midbrain)
• Processes visual and auditory data
• Maintains consciousness and alertness
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
• Diencephalon
• Epithalamus
• Contains the pineal gland
• Thalamus
• Relays information to the cerebrum
• Processes sensory information
• Hypothalamus
• Involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
• Telencephalon (cerebrum)
• Conscious thought processes
• Memory storage
• Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle
contractions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain
CEREBRUM
• Conscious thought processes,
intellectual functions
• Memory storage and processing
• Conscious and subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contractions
DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS
• Relay and processing
centers for sensory
information
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Centers controlling
emotions, autonomic
functions, and hormone
production
MESENCEPHALON
• Processing of visual
and auditory data
• Generation of reflexive
somatic motor
responses
• Maintenance of
consciousness
PONS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
CEREBELLUM
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts output of
other somatic motor
centers in brain and
spinal cord
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and
to other portions of the brain stem
• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral
function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and
digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory
information to
cerebellum and
thalamus
• Subconscious
somatic and visceral
motor centers
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
- 12. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
• The Ventricles of the Brain
• Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities
• Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Fluid transports nutrients to the CNS and transports
waste away from the CNS
• CSF also provides protection
• There are four ventricles
• Ventricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) are in the
cerebral hemispheres (separated by a partition called
the septum pellucidum)
• Ventricle 3 is in the diencephalon
• Ventricle 4 lies between the pons and the cerebellum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain
Orientation and extent of the ventricles as
seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain
Anterior
horns
of lateral
ventricles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cerebral
hemispheres
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Central canal
Spinal cord
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Posterior horns of
lateral ventricles
Inferior horns of
lateral ventricles
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellum
- 14. Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view of the ventricles as if
seen through a transparent brain
Third
ventricle
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellum
Central canal
Interventricular
foramen
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Longitudinal
Lateral ventricles in fissure
cerebral hemispheres
Inferior horns of
lateral ventricles
- 15. Figure 16.2d Ventricles of the Brain
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular
foramen
Third
ventricle
Inferior horn of
lateral ventricle
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth
ventricle
Diagrammatic coronal section showing the
interconnections between the ventricles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Septum
pellucidum
Central canal
- 16. Protection and Support of the Brain
• Protection involves:
• Bones of the skull
• Parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bones
• Cranial meninges
• Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• CSF is produced by choroid plexus in the brain
ventricles.
• CSF is drained at arachnoid granulation into the
dural sinuses.
• Blood–brain barrier
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. Figure 16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges
Lateral view of the brain
showing its position in the
cranium and the organization
of the meningeal coverings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cerebral
cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebral
cortex
Pia
mater
Cranium Dura mater
Subarachnoid
space
(endosteal layer)
Dural sinus
Dura mater
(meningeal layer)
Subdural space
Arachnoid
mater
- 18. Figure 16.3b Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
A corresponding view of the cranial cavity with the
brain removed showing the orientation and extent
of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae
Pituitary gland
Sella turcica
of sphenoid
Inferior sagittal sinus
Dura mater
Superior sagittal sinus
Cranium
Falx cerebri
Tentorium
cerebelli
Transverse
sinus
Falx cerebelli
- 19. Figure 16.5a The Cranial Meninges, Part II
Superior sagittal
sinus
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
granulation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Coronal section
This view shows the organization and relationship
of the cranial meninges to the brain.
Arachnoid
mater
Arachnoid
trabeculae
Pia mater
Dura mater
Cerebral cortex
Falx cerebri
Subarachnoid
space
- 20. Figure 16.5b The Cranial Meninges, Part II
Coronal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid
trabecula
Cerebral
vein
Pia mater
Perivascular
space
Cerebral
cortex
A detailed view of the arachnoid membrane, the
subarachnoid space, and the pia mater. Note the
relationship between the cerebral vein and the
subarachnoid space.
- 21. Protection and Support of the Brain
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Provides protection of the brain and spinal cord
• Provides support
• Transports nutrients to the CNS tissue
• Transports waste away from the CNS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. Figure 16.6 The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
INTERSTITIAL FLUID IN THALAMUS
The location of the choroid plexus in
each of the four ventricles of the brain
Capillary
Endothelial cell
The structure and function of the
choroid plexus. The ependymal
cells are a selective barrier, actively
transporting nutrients, vitamins,
and ions into the CSF. When
necessary, these cells also actively
CHOROID PLEXUS
remove ions or compounds from
the CSF to stabilize its composition. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN THIRD VENTRICLE
Waste products
Ions
Amino acids
(when necessary)
Ions
(Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3
Tight junction
Blood–brain
barrier
-, Ca2+, Mg2+)
Vitamins
Organic nutrients
Oxygen
Choroid
plexus
cells
Capillary
CO2
Waste products
Tight
junction Astrocyte Neuron
Ependymal
cells
Nutrients
(especially glucose)
Oxygen
- 23. Protection and Support of the Brain
• Circulation of CSF
• CSF from the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles
• Flows through the interventricular foramen
• Flows into the third ventricle
• Flows into the aqueduct of the midbrain
• Flows into the fourth ventricle
• Through the lateral aperture and median aperture and
central canal of the spinal cord
• Flows into the subarachnoid space
• Flows around the brain and spinal cord eventually
enters circulation via the arachnoid granulations
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 24. Figure 16.7 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Lateral aperture
Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Extension of choroid
plexus into
lateral ventricle
Choroid plexus
of third ventricle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Central
canal
Spinal
cord
Filum
terminale
Subarachnoid space
Aqueduct
of midbrain
Arachnoid
granulations
Superior
sagittal
sinus
Superior
sagittal sinus Cranium Dura mater
Pia
mater
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral
cortex
(endosteal
layer)
Arachnoid
granulation
Fluid
movement
Arachnoid
trabecula
Dura mater
(meningeal
layer)
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
mater
- 25. The Medulla Oblongata
• Medulla oblongata
• Continuous with the spinal cord to the brain
stem
• All communication between the brain and spinal
cord passes through the medulla oblongata
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 26. The Medulla Oblongata
• Nuclei of cranial nerves
• Contains sensory and motor nuclei of cranial
nerves:
• VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
• Autonomic nuclei
• Major centers include:
• Cardiovascular centers (cardiac and vasomotor)
• Respiratory centers (rhythmic breathing)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. Figure 16.8a The Medulla Oblongata
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Olive
Medulla
oblongata
Pyramids
Pons
Spinal cord
Olivary nucleus
Cardiovascular
centers
Solitary nucleus
Nucleus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilis
Reticular formation
Lateral white column
- 28. Figure 16.8b The Medulla Oblongata
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Olive
Pyramids
Pons
Spinal cord
Posterolateral view
Olivary nucleus
Cardiovascular
centers
Respiratory
rhythmicity center
Solitary nucleus
Nucleus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilis
Reticular formation
Lateral white column
Attachment to
membranous
roof of fourth
ventricle
Posterior
median sulcus
Posterior
white columns
- 29. The Pons
• The pons is a prominent bulge superior to
the medulla oblongata and consists of:
• Sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves:
• V, VI, VII, and VIII
• Nuclei involved with involuntary control of
breathing:
• Consist of apneustic center and pneumotaxic center
• Nuclei that relay cerebellar commands:
• Consist of cerebellar peduncles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 30. Figure 16.9 The Pons
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ascending
tracts
Transverse
fibers
Medulla
oblongata
Olivary
nucleus
Pons
Descending tracts
Pneumotaxic
center
Apneustic
center
Cerebellum
Fourth
ventricle
Reticular
formation
- 31. The Mesencephalon
• Mesencephalon (also called the midbrain)
• Consists of two pairs of nuclei collectively called
corpora quadrigemina
• Responsible for processing auditory and visual
stimuli
• Auditory processing occurs in the inferior colliculus
• Visual processing occurs in the superior colliculus
• Consists of nuclei of the reticular formation
• Involved in maintaining alertness
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 32. The Mesencephalon
• Mesencephalon (continued)
• Consists of:
• Red nucleus: integrates information between the
cerebrum and cerebellum
• Substantia nigra: regulates motor output of the
basal nuclei
• Cerebral peduncles: have ascending fibers that
synapse in the thalamus and descending fibers of the
corticospinal pathway
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 33. Figure 16.10b The Mesencephalon
Substantia
nigra
Diagrammatic and posterior views of the diencephalon
and brain stem. The diagrammatic view is drawn, as if
transparent, to show the positions of important nuclei.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
colliculi
Inferior
colliculi
Corpora
quadrigemina
Trochlear
nerve (N IV)
Cerebral
peduncle
Superior
cerebellar
peduncle
Reticular formation
in floor of
fourth ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Pineal
gland
Superior
colliculus
Cerebral
peduncle
Thalamus
Red nucleus
Inferior
colliculus
Reticular
formation
- 34. The Diencephalon
• The diencephalon consists of:
• Epithalamus
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 35. Figure 16.12a The Hypothalamus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Optic
nerve
Infundibulum
(cut)
Tuberal
area
Mamillary
body
Midsagittal section through the brain. This view shows the major features
of the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem.
Corpus
callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Fornix
Anterior
cerebral artery
Frontal lobe
Anterior
commissure
Optic chiasm
Parietal
lobe
Choroid plexus
in epithalamus
Thalamus
(surrounds
third ventricle)
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Cerebellum
Fourth
ventricle
- 36. The Diencephalon
• The epithalamus
• Forms the roof of the third ventricle
• Contains the pineal gland
• Produces the hormone melatonin
• Regulates our day/night cycles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 37. The Diencephalon
• The thalamus
• Forms the walls of the third ventricle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 38. Figure 16.11a The Thalamus
Frontal Parietal lobe
lobe
Lateral view of the brain showing the
positions of the major thalamic
structures. Functional areas of
cerebral cortex are also indicated,
with colors corresponding to those of
the associated thalamic nuclei.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Occipital
lobe
- 39. Figure 16.11b The Thalamus
Pulvinar
Medial
geniculate
nucleus
Enlarged view of the thalamic nuclei of the left side. The color of
each nucleus or group of nuclei matches the color of the associated
cortical region. The boxes either provide examples of the types of
sensory input relayed to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex or
indicate the existence of important feedback loops involved with
emotional states, learning, and memory.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cerebellum
Basal
nuclei
General
sensory
input
Visual
input
Auditory
input
Limbic
system
Frontal
lobes
Parietal lobe and
cingulate gyrus
Association areas
of cerebral cortex
Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Medial group
Lateral group
Anterior
group
Posterior
group
V e n t r a l
g r o u p
- 40. The Diencephalon
• The hypothalamus
• Forms the floor of the third ventricle
• Consists of numerous nuclei
• Consists of an infundibulum, which connects
to the pituitary gland
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 41. The Diencephalon
• The hypothalamus (continued)
• Consists of nuclei to control:
• Subconscious control of skeletal muscles
• Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive
functions
• Secretion of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
• Emotional and behavioral drives and thirst drives
• Coordination between voluntary and autonomic
functions
• Body temperature
• Circadian rhythm
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 42. Figure 16.12a The Hypothalamus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Optic
nerve
Infundibulum
(cut)
Tuberal
area
Mamillary
body
Midsagittal section through the brain. This view shows the major features
of the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem.
Corpus
callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Fornix
Anterior
cerebral artery
Frontal lobe
Anterior
commissure
Optic chiasm
Parietal
lobe
Choroid plexus
in epithalamus
Thalamus
(surrounds
third ventricle)
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Cerebellum
Fourth
ventricle
- 43. Figure 16.12b The Hypothalamus
Supraoptic nucleus
Enlarged view of the hypothalamus showing the locations of major nuclei and
centers. Functions for these centers are summarized in Table 16.6.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pons
Tuberal
area
Mamillary
body
Posterior lobe of
pituitary gland
(pars nervosa)
Autonomic centers
(sympathetic)
Paraventricular
nucleus
Preoptic area
Autonomic centers
(parasympathetic)
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus
Anterior
lobe of
pituitary
gland
Tuberal nuclei
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
- 44. The Cerebellum
• The cerebellum consists of:
• Two hemispheres
• Folia (folds similar to gyri of the cerebrum)
• Anterior and posterior lobes
• Vermis (separates the hemispheres)
• Flocculonodular lobes
• Arbor vitae
• Cerebellar peduncles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 45. Figure 16.15b The Cerebellum
Cell body of Purkinje cell
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dendrites projecting
into the gray matter
of the cerebellum
Axons of Purkinje cells
projecting into the white
matter of the cerebellum Purkinje cells LM ´ 120
Choroid plexus of
the fourth ventricle
Mamillary
body
Pons
Fourth
ventricle
Sagittal view of the cerebellum showing the arrangement of gray matter
and white matter. Purkinje cells are seen in the photomicrograph; these
large neurons are found in the cerebellar cortex.
Cerebellar
peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Anterior lobe
Arbor
vitae
Cerebellar
nucleus
Cerebellar
cortex
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
Medulla
oblongata
Superior colliculus
Aqueduct of midbrain
Inferior colliculus
Mesencephalon
Anterior lobe
Arbor vitae
Cerebellar cortex
Cerebellar
nucleus
Posterior
lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
- 46. Figure 16.15a The Cerebellum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cerebellum
Vermis Vermis
Anterior lobe
Primary fissure
Posterior lobe
Superior surface of the cerebellum. This view
shows major anatomical landmarks and regions.
Left hemisphere
of cerebellum
Right hemisphere
of cerebellum
Folia
Folia
- 47. The Cerebellum
• The cerebellum
• Cerebellar cortex: subconscious coordination
of movements
• Arbor vitae: connects cerebellar cortex with
cerebellar peduncles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 48. The Cerebrum
• The cerebrum consists of:
• Two hemispheres
• Several lobes
• Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
• Gyri and sulci
• Longitudinal fissure
• Corpus callosum
• Basal nuclei
• Limbic system
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 49. The Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest, most superior portion of the human brain.
Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and
generates motor commands to the opposite side of the body.
The two hemispheres have some functional differences, although
anatomically they appear to be identical.
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by longitudinal fissure.
Cortical surface of the brain forms a series of grooves called sulci.
The sulcus between frontal and parietal lobe is central sulcus. This
sulcus functionally separates the sensory and motor part of cerebrum.
The sulcus between parietal and temporal lobe id lateral sulcus.
The eminence between two sulsi is called gyrus.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 50. Figure 16.16a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I
Longitudinal
fissure
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Superior view
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Cerebral veins and
arteries covered by
arachnoid mater
Central sulcus
Parieto-occipital
sulcus
Cerebellum
Left cerebral
hemisphere
- 51. The Cerebrum
• The Cerebral Hemispheres
• The Cerebral Lobes
• Frontal lobe: conscious control of skeletal muscles
• Occipital lobe: perception of visual stimuli
• Parietal lobe: conscious perception of touch,
pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste
• Temporal lobe: conscious perception of auditory and
olfactory stimuli
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 52. Figure 16.17a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus
FRONTAL LOBE
of left cerebral
hemisphere
Lateral sulcus
Branches of middle
cerebral artery emerging
from lateral sulcus
TEMPORAL LOBE
Lateral view of intact brain after removal of the
dura mater and arachnoid mater showing
superficial surface anatomy of the left hemisphere
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Postcentral
gyrus
PARIETAL
LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Cerebellum
- 53. Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Corpus callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Interventricular
foramen
Frontal lobe
Anterior
commissure
Optic chiasm
Mamillary body
Mesencephalon
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pons
Temporal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Fornix
Thalamus
Membranous portion
of epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Parieto-occipital
sulcus
Superior
colliculus Corpora
Inferior quadrigemina
colliculus
Aqueduct
of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
A sagittal section through
the brain
- 54. The Cerebrum
• Hemispheric Specialization
• Left hemisphere
• Speech center, writing, language, mathematics
• Right hemisphere
• Analysis by touch, spatial visualization
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 55. Figure 16.18 Hemispheric Specialization
LEFT HAND
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Prefrontal
cortex
Speech center
Writing
Auditory cortex
(right ear)
General interpretive
center (language
and mathematical
calculation)
Visual cortex
(right visual field)
LEFT
HEMISPHERE
RIGHT
HEMISPHERE
CORPUS
C
ALLOSUM
RIGHT HAND
Prefrontal
cortex
Anterior
commissure
Analysis
by touch
Auditory cortex
(left ear)
Spatial
visualization
and analysis
Visual cortex
(left visual field)
- 56. The Cerebrum
• The Central White Matter
• Consists of bundles called:
• Association fibers: tracts that interconnect areas of
neural cortex within a hemisphere (arcuate fibers
and longitudinal fasciculi)
• Commissural fibers: tracts that connect the two
hemispheres (anterior commissure and corpus
callosum)
• Projection fibers: tracts that link the cerebrum with
other regions of the brain and spinal cord
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 57. Figure 16.19a The Central White Matter
Lateral aspect of the brain showing
arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arcuate
fibers
Longitudinal
fasciculi
- 58. Figure 16.19b The Central White Matter
Longitudinal
fissure
Corpus
callosum
Projection fibers of
internal capsule
Anterior view of the brain showing orientation
of the commissural and projection fibers
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior
commissure
- 59. The Cerebrum
• The Basal Nuclei
• These are masses of gray matter embedded in
the white matter inferior to the lateral ventricles
• Consist of:
• Caudate nucleus
• Putamen
• Globus pallidus
• Claustrum
• Amygdaloid body
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 60. The Cerebrum
• The Basal Nuclei
• Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus
pallidus
• Control the cycles of arm and leg movements when
walking
• Claustrum
• Plays a role in subconscious processing of visual
information. It focuses attention on specific patterns
or relevant features (watching movie!)
• Amygdaloid body
• Component of the limbic system
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 61. Figure 16.20c The Basal Nuclei
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal section
Head of caudate
nucleus
Lateral
ventricle
Claustrum
Insula
Putamen
Lentiform
nucleus Globus
pallidus
Amygdaloid body
Corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Internal capsule
Lateral sulcus
Anterior commissure
Tip of inferior horn of
lateral ventricle
- 62. The Cerebrum
• The Limbic System
• Located between the cerebrum and the
diencephalon just superior to the corpus
callosum
• Functions:
• Establishes emotional states
• Links the conscious functions with the unconscious
autonomic functions
• Facilitates memory storage and retrieval
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 63. Figure 16.21a The Limbic System
Corpus
callosum
Interthalamic
adhesion
Central
sulcus
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Temporal lobe
Parahippocampal
gyrus (limbic lobe) Hippocampus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thalamus
(within dentate gyrus)
Cingulate gyrus
(limbic lobe)
Pineal gland
Mamillary
body
Sagittal section through the cerebrum showing the cortical
areas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampal
and dentate gyri are shown as if transparent so that deeper
limbic components can be seen.
- 64. The Cerebrum
• The Limbic System
• The fornix
• Tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus
with the hypothalamus
• Many fornix fibers extend to the mamillary bodies
• Mamillary bodies control reflex movements
associated with eating
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 65. The Cranial Nerves
• There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• These nerves innervate the periphery emerging
from the brain (not the spinal cord)
• These nerves are on the ventrolateral surface of
the brain
• They are numbered beginning at the anterior
aspect of the brain
• They are numbered CN I to CN XII
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 66. Figure 16.22b Origins of the Cranial Nerves
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diagrammatic inferior view of the human
brain. Compare view with part (a).
Olfactory bulb, termination
of olfactory nerve (N I)
Olfactory tract
Optic chiasm
Optic nerve (N II)
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve (N III)
Trochlear nerve (N IV)
Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Abducens nerve (N VI)
Facial nerve (N VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (N IX)
Vagus nerve (N X)
Hypoglossal nerve (N XII)
Accessory nerve (N XI)
- 67. The Cranial Nerves
• CN I: The Olfactory Nerve
• Function: sensory (smell)
• Origin: olfactory epithelium
• Foramen: olfactory foramina
• Destination: olfactory bulbs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 68. Figure 16.23 The Olfactory Nerve
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Olfactory
nerve fibers
Left olfactory bulb
(termination of
olfactory nerve)
Olfactory tract
(to olfactory cortex
of cerebrum)
OLFACTORY
NERVE (N I)
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid
Olfactory epithelium
- 69. The Cranial Nerves
• CN II: The Optic Nerve
• Function: sensory (vision)
• Origin: retina
• Foramen: optic canal
• Destination: diencephalon, then to occipital
lobe
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 70. Figure 16.24 The Optic Nerve
OPTIC NERVE
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
(N II)
Mesencephalon
(cut)
Eye
Visual cortex
(in occipital lobes)
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Pituitary
gland
Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
(in thalamus)
Optic
projection
fibers
- 71. The Cranial Nerves
• CN III: The Oculomotor Nerve
• Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles
• Motor function
• Superior, inferior, and medial rectus
• Inferior oblique
• Levator palpebrae superioris
• Origin: mesencephalon
• Foramen: superior orbital fissure
• Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 72. Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trigeminal
nerve (N V), cut
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
ABDUCENS
NERVE (N VI)
Lateral
rectus
muscle
(cut)
Medial
rectus
muscle
Inferior
rectus
muscle
Ciliary
ganglion
OPTIC
NERVE (N II)
Optic
chiasm
OCULOMOTOR
NERVE (N III)
TROCHLEAR
NERVE (N IV)
Superior
rectus
Superior muscle
oblique
muscle
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
muscle
Inferior
oblique
muscle
- 73. The Cranial Nerves
• CN IV: The Trochlear Nerve
• Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles
• Motor function
• Superior oblique
• Origin: mesencephalon
• Foramen: superior orbital fissure
• Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 74. Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trigeminal
nerve (N V), cut
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
ABDUCENS
NERVE (N VI)
Lateral
rectus
muscle
(cut)
Medial
rectus
muscle
Inferior
rectus
muscle
Ciliary
ganglion
OPTIC
NERVE (N II)
Optic
chiasm
OCULOMOTOR
NERVE (N III)
TROCHLEAR
NERVE (N IV)
Superior
rectus
Superior muscle
oblique
muscle
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
muscle
Inferior
oblique
muscle
- 75. The Cranial Nerves
• CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve
• Function:
• Mixed (sensory and motor) function
• Ophthalmic: sensations from the forehead, eyelids,
and nose
• Maxillary: sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and
cheek
• Mandibular: controls mastication
• Origin: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
nerves
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 76. The Cranial Nerves
• CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve (continued)
• Foramen:
• Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissure
• Maxillary: foramen rotundum
• Mandibular: foramen ovale
• Destination:
• Ophthalmic and maxillary: Pons
• Mandibular: mandibular muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 77. Figure 16.26 The Trigeminal Nerve
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
TRIGEMINAL
NERVE (N V)
Maxillary
branch
Foramen ovale
Pons
Otic ganglion
Mandibular branch
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Ophthalmic
branch
Semilunar
ganglion
Superior
orbital
fissure
Supraorbital
nerves
Ciliary ganglion
Foramen
rotundum
Infra-orbital
nerve
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Mental nerve
- 78. The Cranial Nerves
• CN VI: The Abducens Nerve
• Function: controls eye movements
• Motor function
• Origin: pons
• Foramen: superior orbital fissure
• Destination: innervates the lateral rectus eye
muscle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 79. Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trigeminal
nerve (N V), cut
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
ABDUCENS
NERVE (N VI)
Lateral
rectus
muscle
(cut)
Medial
rectus
muscle
Inferior
rectus
muscle
Ciliary
ganglion
OPTIC
NERVE (N II)
Optic
chiasm
OCULOMOTOR
NERVE (N III)
TROCHLEAR
NERVE (N IV)
Superior
rectus
Superior muscle
oblique
muscle
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
muscle
Inferior
oblique
muscle
- 80. The Cranial Nerves
• CN VII: The Facial Nerve
• Function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Sensory: sensations from the face / taste
• Motor: controls muscles of the face
• Origin:
• Sensory: taste buds
• Motor: pons
• Foramen: internal acoustic meatus
• Destination:
• Sensory: pons
• Motor: muscles of the face
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 81. Figure 16.27a The Facial Nerve
Origin and branches of the facial
nerve
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior auricular
branch
Stylomastoid
foramen
Chorda tympani nerve
(with mandibular
branch of N V)
Lingual branch
(with lingual nerve
of N V)
Submandibular
ganglion
Pons
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Greater
petrosal
nerve
Geniculate
ganglion
FACIAL
NERVE (N VII)
Temporal
branch
Zygomatic
branches
Buccal
branch
Mandibular
branch
Cervical
branch
- 82. The Cranial Nerves
• CN VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
• Function:
• Sensory: balance and hearing
• Origin: receptors of the vestibule and cochlea
• Foramen: internal acoustic meatus
• Destination: pons
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 83. Figure 16.28 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tympanic
cavity
(middle ear)
Semicircular
canals
Vestibular
branch
(N VIII)
Facial
nerve
(N VII), cut
Internal
acoustic
canal
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
NERVE (N VIII)
Pons
N V
N VI
N VII
N IX
N XII
N X
N XI
Medulla
oblongata
Cochlear
branch (N VIII)
Auditory Cochlea
tube
Tympanic
membrane
- 84. The Cranial Nerves
• CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
• Function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Sensory function: taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue.
• Motor function: swallowing
• Origin:
• Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongue
• Motor: salivary gland
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 85. The Cranial Nerves
• CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
(continued)
• Foramen: jugular foramen
• Destination:
• Sensory: pons
• Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland
• Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles for swallowing
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 86. Figure 16.29 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Inferior (petrosal)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Carotid body
Carotid sinus
Common carotid artery
Otic ganglion
ganglion
Lingual branch
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVE (N IX)
Medulla oblongata
Superior (jugular)
ganglion
Pharyngeal branches
Parotid salivary
gland
Carotid sinus
branch
Pons
N VII
N VI
N V
N VIII
- 87. The Cranial Nerves
• CN X: The Vagus Nerve
• Function:
• Sensory: information from organs
• Motor: sends information to the organs
• Origin:
• Sensory: from the organs
• Motor: medulla oblongata
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 88. The Cranial Nerves
• CN X: The Vagus Nerve (continued)
• Foramen: jugular foramen
• Destination:
• Sensory: autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata
• Somatic motor: muscles of the palate and pharynx
• Visceral motor: respiratory, cardiovascular, and
digestive organs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 89. Figure 16.30 The Vagus Nerve
Superior
pharyngeal
branch
Superior
laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recurrent
laryngeal nerve
VAGUS
NERVE (N X)
Inferior
ganglion of
vagus nerve
Cardiac branches
Cardiac plexus
Anterior
vagal trunk
Right lung Left lung
Liver
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
Spleen
Celiac
plexus
Small intestine
Hypogastric
plexus
Medulla oblongata
Auricular branch
to external ear
Superior ganglion
of vagus nerve
Pharyngeal branch
Superior laryngeal nerve
- 90. The Cranial Nerves
• CN XI: The Accessory Nerve
• Function:
• Motor: controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius,
palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles
• Origin: spinal cord and medulla oblongata
• Foramen: jugular foramen
• Destination:
• Internal branch: muscles of the palate, pharynx, and
larynx
• External branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 91. Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII)
ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI)
Internal branch: to palatal,
pharyngeal, and laryngeal
muscles with vagus nerve
Intrinsic muscles
of tongue
Styloglossus muscle
Genioglossus muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Medulla oblongata
Cranial root of N XI
Spinal
root of N XI
External
branch of N XI
Spinal cord
Trapezius muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Ansa cervicalis
(cervical plexus)
Omohyoid muscle
- 92. The Cranial Nerves
• CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve
• Function:
• Motor: controls tongue movement
• Origin: medulla oblongata
• Foramen: hypoglossal canal
• Destination: tongue muscles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 93. Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII)
ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI)
Internal branch: to palatal,
pharyngeal, and laryngeal
muscles with vagus nerve
Intrinsic muscles
of tongue
Styloglossus muscle
Genioglossus muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Medulla oblongata
Cranial root of N XI
Spinal
root of N XI
External
branch of N XI
Spinal cord
Trapezius muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Ansa cervicalis
(cervical plexus)
Omohyoid muscle
- 94. The Cranial Nerves
• Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and
Functions
• Mnemonic aid
• Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good
Vacations Are Heavenly
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 95. Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 1 of 2)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 96. Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.