Presentation given by Steve Stanne, Hudson River Estuary Program, NYS DEC, during THV's 2011 Summer Institute, Place & The Digital Native: Using Technology & Social Media to Teach the Hudson Valley

1. Diving Into the Hudson Without Getting Wet Steve Stanne, Hudson River Estuary Program Jean Valla McAvoy, Hudson River Research Reserve

2. Remote sensing Taking the river’s vital signs from a distance 1. Up to the minute information on specific parameters water temperature at Norrie Point July 24-27, 2011

3. Remote sensing Taking the river’s vital signs from a distance 2. Observe patterns/cycles High and low tides at the George Washington Bridge; July 28 - 30, 2009

4. Remote sensing Taking the river’s vital signs from a distance 3. Show relationships between parameters or cycles Tides vs salinity at George Washington Bridge; July 28 - 30, 2009

5. Remote sensing Taking the river’s vital signs from a distance 4. Collects data during short-term events or in inclement conditions when scientists may not be able to collect samples Turbidity (muddiness) of the water at Schodack Island following heavy rains in early July, 2009

6. Remote sensing Taking the river’s vital signs from a distance 5. Create line graphs with website interfaces or download data to further customize graphs

7. www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5aG5f-Rlaw Click to view video about HRECOS system HRECOS Hudson River Environmental Conditions Observing System

8. HRECOS Hudson River Environmental Conditions Observing System

9. Click here to go to HRECOS home page www.hrecos.org The site offers resources including lesson plans, stories about phenomena that can visualized using HRECOS graphs, and forecasts of river conditions. Click on Current Conditions to access data from remote sensors in the river.

10. HRECOS Current Conditions page Use dropdown menus to choose station, parameter, etc. Choose Units and whether to plot Continous readings or Daily averages. Use Start Date/End Date or Set Start/Set End to choose time periods (within limits - click on ? for more details). Plot one parameter or compare two in one graph.

11. For younger students just starting to learn about graphs, choose parameters that illustrate well-known phenomena: Water temperature rising and falling over a 24 hour period from the cool of early morning to the heat of mid-afternoon to the cool of evening. Water temperature rising and falling over several days. Why did temperatures not go as high on 7/18? Link to sunlight (listed as total radiation in the list of meteorological parameters). It was cloudy on 7/18.

12. Water temperature rising and falling over the seasons through 2010-2011 school year (note that plot uses daily averages, not continuous readings). On a sunny day, have students observe water temperature graph early in the school day and predict what it will look like later in the day.

13. Look for this 24 hour pattern of DO levels due to photosynthesis in daylight hours and respiration at night. Use dates in the growing season from mid-May to late September. With older students, exploring dissolved oxygen [DO] concentrations offers interesting windows on photosynthesis and river ecology. Though plants die back in winter, DO levels rise then as water cools (cold water holds more DO than warm water) and winds grow stronger. Plot shows daily DO averages.

14. In the upper estuary (north of the Highlands) DO levels in the growing season reflect photosynthesis by rooted submerged aquatic vegetation [SAV]. Note impacts of cloudiness on 7/18/11. In the lower estuary (south of the Highlands) DO levels are more likely to reflect photosynthesis by phytoplankton. There are occasional spikes in DO when phytoplankton blooms occur.

15. If you want to change the format of the graphs or have students draw graphs by hand, then use the Download button to download data displayed on a graph (single parameter graphs only) into an Excel data table. Note: If students will plot their own graphs by hand, then choose Daily Average readings, as was done here for a DO peak due to a plankton bloom at the George Washington Bridge. Continuous data is overwhelming; four 15 minute data points every hour X 24 hours in a day equals 96 numbers!

16. Simplify downloaded data as desired. Now have students plot their own graphs by hand … Delete column B decimals, for example. or select columns A & B, then choose Insert Column ... to display this graph.

17. Earth science students can study tidal cycles. A pattern of two high and two low tides each day is typical of the Hudson estuary, as seen here for Norrie Point. Tides travel all the way to Albany; the surface of the river is at sea level even there. How do tide events at Albany differ from the same tide events at Norrie? A given tide event happens later in Albany than at Norrie, and is more extreme (highs are higher, lows lower). Set up math problems with the graphs. How much higher is the first high tide of 7/31 when it reaches Albany than it was at Norrie? How much later is this event in Albany? What was the velocity of the tidal wave between Norrie and Albany?

18. http://ny.water.usgs.gov/projects/dialer_plots/saltfront.html Click this URL to visit the actual U.S. Geological Survey salt front website Another good source of salinity, temperature, and tide data; also has links to stream level gauges on Hudson River tributaries.

19. Map and table show salt front location

20. NOAA: remotely sensed data from other estuaries http://estuaries.gov/ScienceData/Home.aspx Click this URL to visit the actual NOAA data website

28. Hint : Can you think of a cycle affecting the river in which a seven day interval plays a role? The cycle of spring tides (greatest tidal range-higher highs/lower lows) and neap tides (least tidal range-lower highs/higher lows) is tied to the moon’s phases and relative positions of moon, sun, and earth over a 28 (7 X 4) day period. The graph is fairly “noisy,” but it shows the approximate times of spring tides (indicated by this arrow ) and neap tides (indicated by this arrow ).

29. This graph plots salinity against the lunar tidal cycle. At what points in the cycle is salinity highest ? This graph plots temperature against the lunar tidal cycle. When in the cycle is temperature lowest ? Salinity peaks at times of spring tides. Temperature is lowest at times of spring tides.

30. Tidal currents are strongest during spring tides. They mix the layers, making water near the surface saltier and cooler. During neap tides, stratification is more pronounced, so water near the surface is fresher and warmer. Graphic copyright www.chemgapedia.de The last piece of the puzzle involves currents and their effect on stratification - layering of water masses – in the estuary. The lower Hudson is a partially mixed estuary. Denser, saltier (and colder) water layers underneath fresher (and warmer) water at the surface.

31. For more information, contact Steve Stanne, Education Coordinator NYSDEC – Hudson River Estuary Program in cooperation with the NYS Water Resources Institute at Cornell University 21 South Putt Corners Road New Paltz, NY 12561 845 256-3077 [email_address] Jean McAvoy, Education Coordinator NYSDEC - Hudson River Research Reserve in cooperation with the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission Norrie Point Environmental Center PO Box 315 Staatsburg, NY 12580 845-889-4745 x 105 [email_address]