infectious diseases case study of bronchitis

1. Infectious diseases
Submitted by Taskeen Rubab
28145
Principle of life
Dr Moneeza

2. Disease
•Genetical
•Biological
•physical
•Chemical

3. Infectious diseases terms
•Disease
•Infectious disease
•Infection
•Pathogen
•Host
•virulence

4. Koch’s Postulates
Koch developed four criteria to demonstrate that a
specific disease is caused by a particular agent
• The specific agent must be associated with
every case of the disease
• The agent must be isolated from a diseased host
and grown in culture
• When the culture-grown agent is introduced
into a healthy susceptible host, the agent must
cause the same disease

5. Koch's postulates

6. Infectious Disease Agents
• Most infectious agents that cause disease are microscopic in size and
thus, are called microbes or microorganisms
• Different groups of agents that cause disease are:
 Bacteria
 Viruses
Protozoa (Protists)
Fungi
Helminths (Animals)

7. Infectious disease throughout history
• Infectious agents
• Small pox
• Malaria
• Bubonic plague or black death
• Influenza
• AIDS

8. How Infectious Agents Cause Disease
• Production of poisons, such as toxins and enzymes, that destroy cells
and tissues
• Direct invasion and destruction of host cells
• Triggering responses from the host’s immune system leading to
disease signs and symptoms. Courtesy of CDC Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
( HIV-1 virions can be seen on surface of lymphocytes )

9. Phases of Infectious Disease
• Incubation period – time between infection and the appearance of
signs and symptoms
• Prodromal phase – mild, nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of
some diseases
• Clinical phase – a person experiences typical signs and symptoms of
disease
• Decline phase - subsidence of symptoms
• Recovery phase – symptoms have disappeared, tissues heal, and the
body regains strength

10. Classification of Infectious Disease
By duration
• Acute
• Chronic
• Latent
By location
• Local
• systematic
By timing
• Primary
• Secondary

11. Disease Cause Affected organ transmission
Small pox Virus skin Droplet
Influenza Virus Respiratory system Direct contact
HIV/AIDS Virus Immune system Body fluid
Hepatitis B Virus Liver Body fluid
Tetanus Bacteria Nervous system Puncture wound
Strep throat Bacteria Respiratory system Droplet
Tuberculosis Bacteria Respiratory system Droplet

12. Factors influencing disease transmission
• Environment
• Vectors
• Animals

13. CASE STUDY
bronchitis

14. Bronchitis
• Bronchitis is inflammation or swelling of
the bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air
passages between the nose and the lungs
• More specifically, bronchitis is when the
lining of the bronchial tubes becomes
inflamed or infected
• Bronchitis is caused by viruses, bacteria,
and other particles that irritate the
bronchial tubes.

15. Types of Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis
• Acute bronchitis is a shorter
illness
• commonly follows a cold or
viral infection, such as the flu
• Acute bronchitis usually lasts a
few days or weeks
Chronic bronchitis
• Chronic bronchitis is
characterized by a persistent,
mucus-producing cough on most
days of the month
• three months of a year for
two successive years in absence
of a secondary cause of the
cough.

16. Etiology and risk factor
• Smokers
• People who are exposed to a lot of
secondhand smoke
• People with weakened immune systems
• The elderly and infants
• People with gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD)
• People who are exposed to air pollution

17. Signs and symptoms Bronchitis
• Inflammation or swelling of bronchi
• Coughing
• Production of clear, white yellow, grey or green mucus
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Fatigue
• Fever and chills
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Blocked or runny nose

18. Pharmacological management
• Antibiotics these are effective for bacterial infections, but not for viral
infections. They may also prevent secondary infections
• Cough medicine one must be careful not to completely suppress the
cough, for it is an important way to bring up mucus and remove irritants
from the lungs
• Bronchodilators these open the bronchial tubes and clear out mucus
• Mucolytics these thin or loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to
cough up sputum
• Anti-inflammatory medicines and glucocorticoid steroids these are for
more persistent symptoms
• Pulmonary rehabilitation program this includes work with a respiratory
therapist to help breathing.

19. Health education
• Avoiding tobacco smoke and exposure to second hand smoke
• Quitting smoking Avoiding people who are sick with colds or the flu
• Getting a yearly flu vaccine
• Getting a pneumonia vaccine (especially for those over 60 years of
age)
• Washing hands regularly
• Avoiding cold, damp locations or areas with a lot of air pollution
• Wearing a mask around people who are coughing and sneezing

20. Complications
• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Tuberculosis
• Sinusitis