ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency ManagementModule 1 Chapter

ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency Management
Module 1: Chapters 1, 3, and 4
Course Description
ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency Management provides an
overview of the history and current status of the emergency
management discipline. Topics include an introduction to areas
of emergency management responsibility including risk
assessment, mitigation, preparedness, communications, response
and recovery.
1
DIAGRAM OF MAJOR COURSE CONCEPTS*
*United States Federal Emergency Information Manageme nt
(2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30,
2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
Diagram of Major Course Concepts
United States Federal Emergency Information Management
(2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30,
2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
2
How to prepare
Tips for preparing for the material in this module

Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
This course relies heavily on content from the federal
emergency management agency emergency management
institute and the community emergency response team in your
area.
Go to the federal emergency management agency website and
register as a student in independent studies. You will then
receive a student identification number, which will be
important. If you cannot obtain a student ID, inform your
instructor. You will need a student identification number in
order to take the final exam for this course. Link:
http://www.Training.Fema.Gov/is/courseoverview.Aspx?Code=i
s-230.D
Read the FEMA course “IS-230.D: Fundamentals of Emergency
Management” overview.
How to Prepare
Tips for preparing for the material in this module
Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
This course relies heavily on content from the federal
emergency management agency emergency management
institute and the community emergency response team in your
area.
Go to the federal emergency management agency website and
register as a student in independent studies. You will then
receive a student identification number, which will be
important. If you cannot obtain a student ID, inform your
instructor. You will need a student identification number in
order to take the final exam for this course. Link:
http://www.Training.Fema.Gov/is/courseover view.Aspx?Code=i
s-230.D
Read the FEMA course “IS-230.D: Fundamentals of Emergency
Management” overview.

3
Module 1 At A Glance: Chapters 1, 3, 4
Chapter 1: History and current status of emergency management
Chapter 3: Research methods and practice of emergency
management
Chapter 4: Current, new, and emerging hazards and disasters
Module 1 At A Glance
management
4
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives:
Define emergency management
Describe the development of emergency management in the
united states.
Recognize the role of the private sector in disasters.
Discern the role of the public sector in disasters.
Understand the role of volunteer organizations in disasters.
Be familiar with the fundamental elements of international
disaster relief.
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
Define emergency management
Describe the development of emergency management in the
united states.
Recognize the role of the private sector in disasters.

Discern the role of the public sector in disasters.
Understand the role of volunteer organizations in disasters.
Be familiar with the fundamental elements of international
disaster relief.
5
Emergency Management Defined
“Emergency Management is the discipline and profession of
applying science, technology, planning, and management to the
extreme events that can injure or kill large numbers of people,
do extensive property damage, and disrupt community life”
(FEMA, 2003).
Emergency Management Defined
“Emergency Management is the discipline and profession of
applying science, technology, planning, and management to the
extreme events that can injure or kill large numbers of people,
do extensive property damage, and disrupt community life”
(FEMA, 2003).
6
Profession of Emergency Management
Was Noah the first emergency manager?
Profession did not exist fifty years ago
Since cold war, has developed and grown
Full fledged profession today in:
Public sector
Private sector

Volunteer sector
International sector
Profession of Emergency Management
Was Noah the first emergency manager?
Profession did not exist fifty years ago
Since cold war, has developed and grown
Full fledged profession today in:
Public sector
Private sector
Volunteer sector
International sector
7
Dual Tracks to Emergency Management
Civil defense:
Originated during the cold war
Prepare for nuclear war against the USSR
Most CD directors held part time posts
Natural and technological disasters:
Disaster relief act of 1950
Federal government started centralizing aid
Established disaster declaration process
Dual Tracks to Emergency Management
Civil defense:

Originated during the cold war
Prepare for nuclear war against the USSR
Most CD directors held part time posts
Natural and technological disasters:
Disaster relief act of 1950
Federal government started centralizing aid
Established disaster declaration process
8
Origins of FEMA
President Carter recognized the need to centralize the nation’s
emergency management efforts
Centralize civil defense with natural and technological
programs and agencies
1978 President Carter formed FEMA through reorganization
plan #3
FEMA started in 1979
Origins of FEMA
President Carter recognized the need to centralize the nation’s
emergency management efforts
Centralize civil defense with natural and technological
programs and agencies
1978 President Carter formed FEMA through reorganization
plan #3
FEMA started in 1979

9
Programs and Agencies Becoming Part of FEMA
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Incident Command System (ICS)
Federal Insurance Administration (Department of Housing and
Urban Development)
National Fire Prevention And Control Administration
(Department of Commerce)
Federal Broadcast System (Executive Office of the President)
Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (Department of Defense)
Federal Disaster Assistance Administration (Department of
Housing and Urban Development)
Incident Command System (ICS)
Federal Insurance Administration (Department of Housing and
Urban Development)
National Fire Prevention And Control Administration
Federal Broadcast System (Executive Office of the President)
Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (Department of Defense)
Federal Disaster Assistance Administration (Department of
Housing and Urban Development)
10
Programs and Agencies becoming Part of FEMA

Federal Preparedness Agency (General Services Administration)
National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program
Earthquake Hazard Reduction Office (Executive Office of The
President)
Dam Safety Coordination Program (Executive Office of The
President)
Federal Response to Consequences of Terroristic Incidents (No
Previous Assigned Agency)
Coordination of Emergency Warning (No Previous Assigned
Agency)
Federal Preparedness Agency (General Services Administration)
National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program
Earthquake Hazard Reduction Office (Executive Office of The
President)
Dam Safety Coordination Program (Executive Office of The
President)
Federal Response to Consequences of Terroristic Incidents (No
Previous Assigned Agency)
Coordination of Emergency Warning (No Previous Assigned
Agency)
11
What ? . . . NIMS provides a consistent nationwide template . . .

Who? . . . To enable federal, state, tribal, and local
governments, the private sector, and nongovernmental
organizations to work together . . .
How? . . . To prepare for, prevent, respond to, recover from, and
mitigate the effects of incidents regardless of cause, size,
location, or complexity . . .
Why? . . . In order to reduce the loss of life and property, and
harm to the environment.
What ? . . . NIMS provides a consistent nationwide template . . .
Who? . . . To enable federal, state, tribal, and local
governments, the private sector, and nongovernmental
organizations to work together . . .
How? . . . To prepare for, prevent, respond to, recover from, and
mitigate the effects of incidents regardless of cause, size,
location, or complexity . . .
Why? . . . In order to reduce the loss of life and property, and
harm to the environment.
12
NIMS Components and ICS
NIMS Components and ICS
Preparedness
Communications and information management
Resource management
Command and management

Ongoing management and maintenance
13
Some Key Events in FEMA’s History up to 2001
1989 Hurricane Hugo and Loma Prieta earthquake (issue of
catastrophic event)
1992 Hurricane Andrew (use of FRP)
1993 James Lee Witt named FEMA director first emergency
manager to hold post:
First emergency manager to hold post
Focus on mitigation
Became well respected federal agency
14
Some Key Events in FEMA’s History Up to 2001
1989 Hurricane Hugo and Loma Prieta earthquake (issue of
catastrophic event)
1992 Hurricane Andrew (use of FRP)
1993 James Lee Witt named FEMA director first emergency
manager to hold post:
First emergency manager to hold post
Focus on mitigation
Became well respected federal agency
14
Terrorism and Changes to FEMA
September 11, 2001:
Terrorist attacks
2003 creation of Department of Homeland Security (DHS):
FEMA becomes part of DHS

2005 Hurricane Katrina:
Poor federal response
Exposed too much focus on terrorism
2009 – Craig Fugate named FEMA director
Terrorism and Changes to FEMA
September 11, 2001:
Terrorist attacks
2003 creation of Department of Homeland Security (DHS):
FEMA becomes part of DHS
2005 Hurricane Katrina:
Poor federal response
Exposed too much focus on terrorism
2009 – Craig Fugate named FEMA director
15
Components of The Department of
Homeland Security (DHS)
Key tasks of DHS:
Border and transportation security
Emergency preparedness and response
FEMA is an agency under the Dept. of Homeland Security since
2003
Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear countermeasures
Information analysis and infrastructure protection
Constructed from 22 different federal departments and agencies

Components of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Key tasks of DHS:
Border and transportation security
Emergency preparedness and response
FEMA is an agency under the Dept. of Homeland Security since
2003
Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear countermeasures
Information analysis and infrastructure protection
Constructed from 22 different federal departments and agencies
16
Other Public Sector Involvement in
Emergency Management
Native American tribes:
Report direct to federal government
Have their own public safety departments
Over 564 federally recognized tribes
Consideration of cultural issues
Historical preservation
Recognition of sacred lands
Other Public Sector Involvement in Emergency Management
Native American tribes:
Report direct to federal government
Have their own public safety departments
Over 564 federally recognized tribes
Consideration of cultural issues
Historical preservation
Recognition of sacred lands

17
Local and state government:
Emergency support services must coordination with the federal
government
Must avoid “stove piping”
Other federal government examples:
Take leads for emergency support functions as part of the
national response framework
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Disease Control
Local and state government:
Emergency support services must coordination with the federal
government
Must avoid “stove piping”
Other federal government examples:
Take leads for emergency support functions as part of the
national response framework
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Disease Control
18

Private Sector Involvement
Need to protect businesses and employees
FEMA’s (2010) guidance:
Companies have a moral duty to protect their employees, area
and environment
Companies need to follow existing local, state and federal laws
related to safety
Companies can return to business much more quickly, which not
only helps the business, but the community and regions
Companies diminish their chance of being sued
Companies obtain a positive image from good disaster and crisis
planning
Companies often have their insurance costs reduced
Private Sector Involvement
Need to protect businesses and employees
FEMA’s (2010) guidance:
Companies have a moral duty to protect their employees, area
and environment
Companies need to follow existing local, state and federal laws
related to safety
Companies can return to business much more quickly, which not
only helps the business, but the community and regions
Companies diminish their chance of being sued
Companies obtain a positive image from good disaster and crisis
planning
Companies often have their insurance costs reduced
19

Voluntary Sector Involvement
Focus on “people needs”
Play key roles during response:
Victims and responders aid
E.G., Feeding, sheltering
Play key roles during recovery
Focus on victims:
E.G., Assist to repair or rebuild homes
National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD)
created in 1969
Today coordinates over 50 voluntary organizations
Voluntary Sector Involvement
Focus on “people needs”
Play key roles during response:
Victims and responders aid
E.G., Feeding, sheltering
Play key roles during recovery
Focus on victims:
E.G., Assist to repair or rebuild homes
National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD)
created in 1969
Today coordinates over 50 voluntary organizations
20
Examples of Voluntary Organizations
Acts World Relief (Foundation Of Hope)

Adventist Community Services
American Baptist Men
American Radio Relay League, Inc.
American Red Cross
Billy Graham Rapid Response Team
Brethren Disaster Ministries
Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation
Catholic Charities USA
Church World Service
Episcopal Relief and Development
Feeding America
Habitat for Humanity International
Operation Hope
Human Society of the United States
The Jewish Federations of North America
Latter-day Saint Charities
Lutheran Disaster Response
Mennonite Disaster Service
Acts World Relief (Foundation Of Hope)
Adventist Community Services
American Baptist Men
American Radio Relay League, Inc.
American Red Cross
Billy Graham Rapid Response Team
Brethren Disaster Ministries
Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation
Catholic Charities USA
Church World Service
Episcopal Relief and Development
Feeding America

Habitat for Humanity International
Operation Hope
Human Society of the United States
The Jewish Federations of North America
Latter-day Saint Charities
Lutheran Disaster Response
Mennonite Disaster Service
21
National Association Of Jewish Chaplains
National Baptist Convention USA
National Organization For Victim Assistance
Nazarene Disaster Response
Noah’s Wish
Presbyterian Disaster Assistance
Southern Baptist Convention
The Salvation Army
United Church Of Christ
United Methodist Committee On Relief
United Way Worldwide
World Vision
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
National Association Of Jewish Chaplains

National Baptist Convention USA
National Organization For Victim Assistance
Nazarene Disaster Response
Noah’s Wish
Presbyterian Disaster Assistance
Southern Baptist Convention
The Salvation Army
United Church Of Christ
United Methodist Committee On Relief
United Way Worldwide
World Vision
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
22
International Humanitarian Sector
Poor nations need outside help
Non governmental organizations (NGO’s) play key role
Additional types of hazards for poor nations
Drought
Famine
(Civil) war
International Humanitarian Sector
Poor nations need outside help
Non governmental organizations (NGO’s) play key role
Additional types of hazards for poor nations
Drought

Famine
(Civil) war
23
Student interactivity exercises
In a one page paper in essay format using APA 6th Edition
format answer the following questions from Chapter 1:
1) What are the main origins and roots of emergency
management?
2) Why did President Jimmy Carter establish FEMA? What were
the reasons it was established?
3) What are some of the major successes and failures of FEMA
since 1979? What factors led to these successes or failures?
Your exercises for this module should be submitted in one
document and should be grammatically correct, with the correct
spelling using the APA 6th Edition format. Each exercise should
be a separate page in your document; all work will be submitted
in one file. When you complete one exercise, start the next
exercise on the next page. You also need to have a cover sheet
and references page using APA 6th Edition format; the body of
the paper needs to be in APA 6th Edition format as well.
Student Interactivity Exercises
In a one page paper in essay format using APA 6th Edition
What are the main origins and roots of emergency management?
Why did President Jimmy Carter establish FEMA? What were

What are some of the major successes and failures of FEMA
24
FEMA Computer Based Training: Lesson 1- Emergency
Management Overview
Once you have completed a lesson, you are required to take a
screenshot of the “lessons list” and paste it onto the fi nal pages
of your Student Interactivity Exercises following the references
page (if used). You must paste the screenshot at the end of the
Student Interactivity Exercises as proof that the lesson has been
completed. There should be a checkmark next to the completed
lesson. Failure to do so will result in the loss of the points
associated with the FEMA Training.
FEMA Computer Based Training: Lesson 1- Emergency
Management Overview
screenshot of the “lessons list” and paste it onto the final pages

25
management
Module At A Glance
management
26
Discuss the relevance of disaster research to the practice of
emergency management and the benefits of having a basic
understanding of research methods and findings.
Outline the historical origins of disaster research and identify
some of the key research centers active in the field today.
Understand the value of studying disasters from a
multidisciplinary perspective and provide examples of
contributions made by researchers in various fields.

Explain the various methods used to gather data on disasters
and provide examples of how they have been used to study the
four phases of disaster.
Describe ethical guidelines for studying human subjects and
identify challenges involved in conducting disaster research.
Discuss the relevance of disaster research to the practice of
emergency management and the benefits of having a basic
understanding of research methods and findings.
Outline the historical origins of disaster research and identify
some of the key research centers active in the field today.
Understand the value of studying disasters from a
multidisciplinary perspective and provide examples of
contributions made by researchers in various fields.
Explain the various methods used to gather data on disasters
and provide examples of how they have been used to study the
four phases of disaster.
Describe ethical guidelines for studying human subjects and
identify challenges involved in conducting disaster research.
27
Key Points
It is important to have a knowledge-based understanding of
disasters to be a more effective emergency manager.
Multiple scientific disciplines have contributed to our
understanding of disasters.
We study disasters in order to both improve our theories and to
improve our ability to manage disasters—that is, disaster
research has both theoretical and applied goals.
There are numerous methodological tools we can use to study

disasters.
Key Points
It is important to have a knowledge-based understanding of
disasters to be a more effective emergency manager.
Multiple scientific disciplines have contributed to our
understanding of disasters.
We study disasters in order to both improve our theories and to
improve our ability to manage disasters—that is, disaster
research has both theoretical and applied goals.
There are numerous methodological tools we can use to study
disasters.
28
Benefits of Understanding Research
Acquire transferable skills that are applicable to various job
settings.
Develop a knowledge-based view of disaster behavior that will
make you a more effective emergency manager.
Identify “lessons learned” that will improve your abil ity to
manage future disasters.
Sources of knowledge for emergency managers
Formal education
Field experience
Disaster research involves systematic observations, based on
empirical evidence, researchers collect perishable information
Benefits of Understanding Research

Acquire transferable skills that are applicable to various job
settings.
Develop a knowledge-based view of disaster behavior that will
make you a more effective emergency manager.
Identify “lessons learned” that will improve your ability to
manage future disasters.
Sources of knowledge for emergency managers
Formal education
Field experience
Disaster research involves systematic observations, based on
empirical evidence, researchers collect perishable information
29
A Brief History of Disaster Research
Military influences
After WWII the U.S. Military funded social scientists to study
disasters as a proxy for how communities might be impacted by
a nuclear attack.
Early disaster studies
University of Chicago’s national opinion research center (and
others)
Focused largely on disaster victims.
Found that society is resilient.
Establishment of the Disaster Research Center
At The Ohio State University (1963) and later moved to the
University of Delaware (1985)
Focused on organizations, not individual victims.
Found that organizations are adaptive and resilient.

Military influences
After WWII the U.S. Military funded social scientists to study
disasters as a proxy for how communities might be impacted by
a nuclear attack.
Early disaster studies
University of Chicago’s national opinion research center (and
others)
Focused largely on disaster victims.
Found that society is resilient.
Establishment of the Disaster Research Center
At The Ohio State University (1963) and later moved to the
University of Delaware (1985)
Focused on organizations, not individual victims.
Found that organizations are adaptive and resilient.
30
Contemporary Research Centers
University of Delaware’s Disaster Research Center
University of Colorado’s Natural Hazards Center
Texas A&M’s Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center
University of South Carolina’s Hazards and Vulnerability
Research Institute
Colorado State University’s Center for Disaster and Risk
Analysis
Millersville University’s Center for Disaster Research and
Education

Contemporary Research Centers
University of Delaware’s Disaster Research Center
University of Colorado’s Natural Hazards Center
Texas A&M’s Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center
University of South Carolina’s Hazards and Vulnerability
Research Institute
Colorado State University’s Center for Disaster and Risk
Analysis
Millersville University’s Center for Disaster Research and
Education
31
Oklahoma State University’s Center for the Study of Disasters
and Extreme Events
Louisiana State University’s Stephenson Disaster Management
Institute
Disaster Research in International Context
International Research Committee on Disasters
Flood Research Centre at Middlesex University
Centre for Risk and Community Safety at the Royal Melbourne
Crisis Research Center at Leiden University in the Netherlands
Risk and Crisis Research Center at Mid Sweden University

Oklahoma State University’s Center for the Study of Disasters
and Extreme Events
Louisiana State University’s Stephenson Disaster Management
Institute
Disaster Research in International Context
International Research Committee on Disasters
Flood Research Centre at Middlesex University
Centre for Risk and Community Safety at the Royal Melbourne
Crisis Research Center at Leiden University in the Netherlands
Risk and Crisis Research Center at Mid Sweden University
32
Figure 3.1: Multidisciplinary Research on Hazards and Disasters
Figure 3.1: Multidisciplinary Research of Hazards and Disasters
Social sciences
Natural sciences
Engineering
33
Disaster Research as a
Multidisciplinary Field
Natural sciences—ecosystems and earth’s processes.
Engineering
Structural—building design and performance.
Civil—transportation systems and utility lifelines.
Social Sciences
Sociology—societal responses to disasters.
Geography—mapping hazards and vulnerable populations.

Anthropology—cultural adaptations to disasters.
Political science—disasters and public policy.
Psychology—disaster impacts on individuals (e.g., PTSD)
Economics—financial costs of disasters.
Disaster Research as a Multidisciplinary Field
Natural sciences—ecosystems and earth’s processes.
Engineering
Structural—building design and performance.
Civil—transportation systems and utility lifelines.
Social Sciences
Sociology—societal responses to disasters.
Geography—mapping hazards and vulnerable populations.
Anthropology—cultural adaptations to disasters.
Political science—disasters and public policy.
Psychology—disaster impacts on individuals (e.g., PTSD)
Economics—financial costs of disasters.
34
Social Sciences
“Social scientists conducting field studies of disaster quickly
discovered, however, that disasters also provide an
exceptionally valuable opportunity to study some basic and
enduring scientific problems about the nature of human nature
and group life. Disasters provide a realistic laboratory for
testing the integration, stamina, and recuperative power of
large-scale social systems. They are the sociological equivalent
of engineering experiments that test the capacity of machines to
withstand extreme physical stresses.” (Fritz 1961, p. 654)

Social Sciences
“Social scientists conducting field studies of disaster quickly
discovered, however, that disasters also provide an
exceptionally valuable opportunity to study some basic and
enduring scientific problems about the nature of human nature
and group life. Disasters provide a realistic laboratory for
testing the integration, stamina, and recuperative power of
large-scale social systems. They are the sociological equivalent
of engineering experiments that test the capacity of machines to
withstand extreme physical stresses.” (Fritz 1961, p. 654)
35
Types of Research
Basic and applied - Basic research is theoretical, while applied
seeks a more immediate answer to a practical problem.
Primary and secondary - Primary research involves collecting
original data, while secondary research relies on existing data.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal - Cross-sectional research
takes a “snapshot” at one point in time, while longitudinal
research tracks changes over time.
Individual and aggregate - Unlike individual research, aggregate
research seeks to learn about larger groups, including families
and households, organizations, communities, and entire
societies.
Types of Research
Basic and applied - Basic research is theoretical, while applied
seeks a more immediate answer to a practical problem.

Primary and secondary - Primary research involves collecting
original data, while secondary research relies on existing data.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal - Cross-sectional research
takes a “snapshot” at one point in time, while longitudinal
research tracks changes over time.
Individual and aggregate - Unlike individual research, aggregate
research seeks to learn about larger groups, including families
and households, organizations, communities, and entire
societies.
36
Research Methods and the Phases of Disaster
Surveys: household preparedness levels, evacuation decision
making, satisfaction with recovery efforts, public support for
proposed mitigation policies.
Interviews: overall community preparedness levels,
organizational response and recovery activities and challenges,
effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
Observations: evaluating drills and exercises during
preparedness, organizational response and recovery activities
and challenges.
Surveys: household preparedness levels, evacuation decision
making, satisfaction with recovery efforts, public support for
proposed mitigation policies.
Interviews: overall community preparedness levels,
organizational response and recovery activities and challenges,
effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
Observations: evaluating drills and exercises during

preparedness, organizational response and recovery activities
and challenges.
37
Archives: internal memos to study response activities, after -
action reports to study preparedness efforts (e.g., 9/11
commission report), newspapers to study ongoing recovery and
mitigation efforts.
Spatial tools (e.g., GPS, GIS and remote sensing): real-time
damage assessment during response, mapping hazards and
vulnerable populations during preparedness and mitigation,
tracking recovery progress.
Archives: internal memos to study response activities, after-
action reports to study preparedness efforts (e.g., 9/11
commission report), newspapers to study ongoing recovery and
mitigation efforts.
Spatial tools (e.g., GPS, GIS and remote sensing): real -time
damage assessment during response, mapping hazards and
vulnerable populations during preparedness and mitigation,
tracking recovery progress.
38
Ethics and Challenges of Performing Disaster Research

Research ethics
Respect for persons
Benefits and risks
Justice
Research challenges
Logistics
Respondent availability and accessibility
Emotions and human suffering
Ethics and Challenges of Performing Disaster Research
Research ethics
Respect for persons
Benefits and risk
Justice
Research challenges
Logistics
Respondent availability and accessibility
Emotions and human suffering
39
Locate and read a recent research article (within the past 5
years) on a topic of emergency management interest to you
published in one of the Academic journals listed in box 3.3.
then write a one page paper in APA 6th Edition format
answering the following questions:
1) What was the primary research question?
2) How did the researcher(s) gather data to answer the question?
3) Do you agree with the findings? How could the research have
been improved?

Write a one page paper in essay format using APA 6th edition
format answering the following questions:
What was the primary research question?
How did the researcher(s) gather data to answer the question?
Do you agree with the findings? How could the research have
been improved?
40

1) Why is scientific research valuable to the practice of
emergency management?
2) What are some of the benefits to understanding science and
research?
3) Why did the U.S. Military begin funding researchers to study
disasters in the 1950s? What kinds of questions did the military
want answered? What answers have researchers provided over
the years?
Why is scientific research valuable to the practice of emergency
management?
What are some of the benefits to understanding science and
research?
Why did the U.S. Military begin funding researchers to study
the years?

41
management
Module 1 At A Glance
Chapter 1: History and current status of emerge ncy management
management
42
Realize that we will have more, worse and new types of
disasters.
Comprehend the rationale behind this trend of disasters.
Make clear the different scales, measures, and types of natural
disasters.
Explain how humans influence disaster types and trends.

Understand terrorists’ tools for creating disasters.
Point out new disasters that could happen and around which
emergency management agencies are currently taking action.
Realize that we will have more, worse and new types of
disasters.
Comprehend the rationale behind this trend of disasters.
Make clear the different scales, measures, and types of natural
disasters.
Explain how humans influence disaster types and trends.
Understand terrorists’ tools for creating disasters.
Point out new disasters that could happen and around which
emergency management agencies are currently taking action.
43
Predictions and Trends
Quarantelli’s prediction
More disasters
Worse disasters
New types of disasters
Rationale
More people
Higher population densities
More living next to hazardous facilities
Research confirms these trends

Predictions and Trends
Quarantelli’s prediction
More disasters
Worse disasters
New types of disasters
Rationale
More people
Higher population densities
More living next to hazardous facilities
Research confirms these trends
44
Natural Hazards Patterns
Tornadoes
Hurricanes
Earthquakes
Floods
Wildfires
Tsunamis
Other events
Natural Hazards Patterns
Tornadoes
Hurricanes
Earthquakes
Floods

Wildfires
Tsunamis
Other events
45
EF Tornado Scale
Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF) number 3 second gust (mph)
(EF-scale) rates the strength of tornadoes in the United States
and Canada based on the damage they cause.
0 65-85
1 86-110
2 111-135
3 136-165
4 166-200
5 over 200
Source: http://www.Spc.Noaa.Gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.Html
EF Tornado Scale
Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF) number 3 second gust (mph)
(EF-scale) rates the strength of tornadoes in the United States
and Canada based on the damage they cause.
0 65-85
1 86-110
2 111-135
3 136-165
4 166-200
5 over 200

Source: http://www.Spc.Noaa.Gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.Html
46
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Category one: 74-95 mph winds - no real damage to building
structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes,
shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal road flooding and
minor pier damage.
Category two: 96-110 mph winds - some roofing material, door,
and window damage to buildings. Considerable damage to
vegetation, mobile homes, and piers. Coastal and low -lying
escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of center. Small
craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings.
Category three: 111-130 mph winds - some structural damage to
small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of
curtain wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding
near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures
damaged by floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5
feet ASL may be flooded inland 8 miles or more.
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Category one: 74-95 mph winds - no real damage to building
structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes,
shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal road flooding and
minor pier damage.
Category two: 96-110 mph winds - some roofing material, door,
and window damage to buildings. Considerable damage to
vegetation, mobile homes, and piers. Coastal and low -lying
escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of center. Small

craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings.
Category three: 111-130 mph winds - some structural damage to
small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of
curtain wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding
near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures
damaged by floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5
feet ASL may be flooded inland 8 miles or more.
47
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (cont.)
Category four: 131-155 mph winds - more extensive curtain
wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small
residences. Major erosion of beach. Major damage to lower
floors of structures near the shore. Terrain continuously lower
than 10 feet ASL may be flooded requiring massive evacuation
of residential areas inland as far as 6 miles.
Category five: greater than 155 mph winds - complete roof
failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some
complete building failures with small utility buildings blown
over or away. Major damage to lower floors of all structures
located less than 15 feet ASL and within 500 yards of the
shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low
ground within 5 to 10 miles of the shoreline may be required.
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (continued)
Category four: 131-155 mph winds - more extensive curtain
wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small
residences. Major erosion of beach. Major damage to lower

floors of structures near the shore. Terrain continuously lower
than 10 feet ASL may be flooded requiring massive evacuation
of residential areas inland as far as 6 miles.
Category five: greater than 155 mph winds - complete roof
failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some
complete building failures with small utility buildings blown
over or away. Major damage to lower floors of all structures
located less than 15 feet ASL and within 500 yards of the
shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low
ground within 5 to 10 miles of the shoreline may be required.
48
Storms (blue) and Hurricanes (red)
Storms (Blue) and Hurricanes (Red)
Annual number of names storms and major hurricanes
49
Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Scale
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable
conditions.
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of
buildings.
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especiall y on upper
floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an
earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations
similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night,
some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make

cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes,
windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks
may stop.
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable
conditions.
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of
buildings.
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper
floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an
earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations
similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At ni ght,
some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make
cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes,
windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks
may stop.
50
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a
few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and
construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary
structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly
designed structures; some chimneys broken.
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable

damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial col lapse.
Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys,
factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture
overturned.
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well -
designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in
substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted
off foundations.
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a
few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and
construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary
structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly
designed structures; some chimneys broken.
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable
damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.
Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys,
factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture
overturned.
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well -
designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in
substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted
off foundations.
51
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and
frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges
destroyed. Rails bent greatly.

Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects
thrown into the air.
Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Scale (continued)
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and
frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges
destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects
thrown into the air.
52
Tsunamis and Floods
Most losses in US
Annually most deadly in US – average 127 deaths
Half of deaths in automobiles
In U.S., Over $5 billion in losses annually
Similar patterns world wide
25,000 deaths annually
$50 billion in losses annually
Most deadly in Asia
Tsunamis and Floods
Most losses in US
Annually most deadly in US – average 127 deaths

Half of deaths in automobiles
In U.S., Over $5 billion in losses annually
Similar patterns world wide
25,000 deaths annually
$50 billion in losses annually
Most deadly in Asia
53
Wildfire Patterns
U.S. Cases dramatically increased since 1987
4 times as many events over 6 times the area
Causes include:
Warming trends
Federal banning of strategic burning
More homes next to forests
Australia suffering from similar patterns
More and worse events
Similar causes
Wildfire Patterns
U.S. Cases dramatically increased since 1987
4 times as many events over 6 times the area
Causes include:
Warming trends
Federal banning of strategic burning
More homes next to forests
Australia suffering from similar patterns
More and worse events
Similar causes

54
Other Hazards
Volcanoes
Worldwide
Rare but can be devastating
Disrupt air travel and electronics
Global Warning
Data suggest warming over last century
Causes still not clear
Sunspots and other solar patterns?
Human generation of carbon dioxide?
Biological events
Black plague
1917 influenza
Recent
SARS
H1N1 threat
Ebola
Chemical incidents
Chernobyl
Institute, West Virginia
Gulf oil spill

Other Hazards
Volcanoes
Worldwide
Rare but can be devastating
Disrupt air travel and electronics
Global Warning
Data suggest warming over last century
Causes still not clear
Sunspots and other solar patterns?
Human generation of carbon dioxide?
Chemical incidents
Chernobyl
Institute, West Virginia
Gulf oil spill
Biological events
Black plague
1917 influenza
Recent
SARS
H1N1 threat
Ebola
55
Radiological and Nuclear

These hazards have a high “fear factor”
Low probability / high consequence events
Radiological events
Three mile island
Chernobyl
Japan catastrophe
Nuclear events
World war II nuclear bombs
Terrorist threat
Radiological and Nuclear
These hazards have a high “fear factor”
Low probability / high consequence events
Radiological events
Three mile island
Chernobyl
Japan catastrophe
Nuclear events
World war II nuclear bombs
Terrorist threat
56
Terrorism
Not a new means of political violence

Primary use of CBRN options
Create fear
Acts of terrorism is on the rise
More distinct since September 11, 2001 attacks
Year 2009 example
11,000 attacks
About 15,000 deaths
About 24,000 injuries
Asia area of many attacks
Terrorism
Not a new means of political violence
Primary use of CBRN options
Create fear
Acts of terrorism is on the rise
More distinct since September 11, 2001 attacks
Year 2009 example
11,000 attacks
About 15,000 deaths
About 24,000 injuries
Asia area of many attacks
57
New and Emerging Hazards
NaTechs

Hurricane sandy
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane, flooding, levee failure, chemical soup
Compounding natural disasters
Japanese catastrophe
Earthquake, tsunami, nuclear plant meltdown and radiation
Computer failures and cyber terrorism
Pandemics and bioterrorism
Outer space hazards
Solar flares destroying electrical circuits
Asteroids
In short, Quarantelli’s prediction is worth considering
New and Emerging Hazards
NaTechs
Hurricane sandy
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane, flooding, levee failure, chemical soup
Compounding natural disasters
Japanese catastrophe
Earthquake, tsunami, nuclear plant meltdown and radiation
Computer failures and cyber terrorism
Pandemics and bioterrorism
Outer Space Hazards
Solar Flares destroying electrical circuits
Asteroids
In short, Quarantelli’s prediction is worth considering
58

1) What are the factors that could explain why the number of
natural disasters continue to be increasing? Is it that there are
just more disasters, other factors, or both?
2) What is the general purpose(s) of the disaster scales
presented in this chapter? How are they used? For whom are
these scales useful?
3) What are some NaTech events that could impact your
community? Is there any way to identify prepare for or mitigate
NaTechs?
4) What are some examples of natural or technological disasters
that could also be used as tools by terrorists?
What are the factors that could explain why the number of
What is the general purpose(s) of the disaster scales presented
in this chapter? How are they used? For whom are these scales
useful?
What are some NaTech events that could impact your
NaTechs?
What are some examples of natural or technological disasters
that could also be used as tools by terrorists?
59

spelling using the APA 6th edition format. Each exercise should
and references page using APA 6th edition format; the body of
the paper needs to be in APA 6th edition format as well.
60
FEMA Computer Based Training: Lesson 2 - Emergency
Management Partners

FEMA Computer Based Training: Lesson 2 - Emergency
Management Partners
61
Additional resources
FEMA planning resources:
http://www.Fema.Gov/emergency/disasterhousing/planning_reso
urces.Shtm
Comprehensive preparedness guide 101:
http://www.Fema.Gov/pdf/about/divisions/npd/CPG_101 _V2.Pd
f.
National response framework resource center:
http://www.Fema.Gov/emergency
Additional Resources
FEMA planning resources:

http://www.Fema.Gov/emergency/disasterhousing/planning_reso
urces.Shtm
Comprehensive preparedness guide 101:
http://www.Fema.Gov/pdf/about/divisions/npd/CPG_101_V2.Pd
f.
National response framework resource center:
http://www.Fema.Gov/emergency
62
Name:
Bibliography Assignment
· Instructions: Create a working bibliography (also sometimes
called Works Cited or References page) of at least six (6)
sources in one of the approved formats in Chicago/Turabian
style.
Your bibliography must include the following source types:
· Two primary sources
· One scholarly journal article – this must be a peer-reviewed
journal article, not a book review or a student published article
· One secondary source – may not be the Yawp
· One additional source of your choosing – may not be a source
from the eText or a tertiary source (tertiary sources are
reference materials, like encyclopedias, dictionaries, and
textbooks)
Your annotation must include the following information
· A summary of the content of the source or the content of the
online exhibit
· A summary of the author’s thesis and conclusions or the
purpose of the online exhibit
· A description of the evidence that the author used to support
the thesis or a description of the images in the online exhibit
· A statement about how and why the source will be helpful for
your own research

Assignment Format:
Primary Source #1
Citation-
Annotation:
Primary Source #2
Citation-
Annotation:
Scholarly Journal #1
Citation-
Annotation:
Secondary Source 1
Citation-
Annotation:
An Additional Source

Citation-
Annotation:
Module One Exercises
Student Interactivity Exercises: Module One
Instructions:
Please note that the lecture provides detail important to the
successful completion of the Student Interactivity Exercises for
this module. Please be sure to review the audio lecture prior to
completing these exercises.
In order to fully complete the exercises, please do the
following:
(1) Read the question carefully.
(2) Identify the major concepts related to the question from the
textbook (the lectures are very helpful for this).
(3) Answer the questions fully, using concepts and terminology
from the textbook relevant to the question.
(4) Answer all parts of the questions.
(5) Cite your sources using APA formatting using
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
(6) Put all answers in your own words.
If you have questions at any time regarding the questions,

please contact your instructor right away. Thank you!
Student Interactivity Questions for all Chapters in the Module
[numbers correspond to slide numbers in lecture]:
· Your Student Interactivity Exercises for this module should be
submitted in one document, and should be grammatically
correct, with APA formatting used.
· All research used to complete this assignment needs to be
cited using APA citation format.
[24]
· In a one page paper in essay format using APA 6th Edition
· What are the main origins and roots of emergency
management?
· Why did President Jimmy Carter establish FEMA? What were
· What are some of the major successes and failures of FEMA
· Your exercises for this module should be submitted in one
[25]
FEMA Computer Based Training: Hello Students you may begin
the FEMA course by going to: IS-230.D: Fundamentals of
Emergency Management at
http://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview .aspx?code=IS-230.d
and then begin
Lesson 1- Emergency Management Overview

· Once you have completed a lesson, you are required to take a
[39]
· Write a one page paper in essay format using APA 6th edition
1. Why is scientific research valuable to the practice of
emergency management?
2. What are some of the benefits to understanding science and
research?
3. Why did the U.S. Military begin funding researchers to study
the years?
[40]
· Locate and read a recent research article (within the past 5
years) on a topic of emergency management interest to you
published in one of the Academic journals listed in box 3.3.
then write a one page paper in APA 6th Edition format

answering the following questions:
1. What was the primary research question?
2. How did the researcher(s) gather data to answer the question?
3. Do you agree with the findings? How could the research have
been improved?
[58]
· Write a one page paper in essay format using APA 6th edition
1. What are the factors that could explain why the number of
2. What is the general purpose(s) of the disaster scales
presented in this chapter? How are they used? For whom are
these scales useful?
3. What are some Natech events that could impact your
Natechs?
spelling using the APA 6th edition format. Each exercise should
and references page using APA 6th edition format; the body of
the paper needs to be in APA 6th edition format as well.
[59]

· FEMA Computer Based Training: Lesson 2 - Emergency
Management Partners
· Once you have completed a lesson, you are required to take a
ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency Management
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