The document summarizes key events and developments in American history from the late 19th century to early 20th century, including expansion of the railroads, conflicts with Native Americans, industrialization, labor issues, immigration, and race relations after Reconstruction. Key people mentioned include Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Roosevelt, and Washington. Important court cases, laws, and amendments are also outlined.

1. AHSGE Chapter 7 1
Expansion and Industrialization
The Railroads
• Promontory Point, Utah – town where the Union ____________and
Central Pacific railroads met completing the
____________________railroad.
• How important were the railroads for expansion in the U.S.?
Railroads became the chief means of national ________________during
the second half of the ______________century.
Conflicts with Native Americans
• Reservations – see previous notes
• What was the significance of the buffalo to the Native
Americans? _________________were the main source of food for
Native Americans. White ________________killed many buffalo
for their hides and left the meat to rot taking away the
________________of the Native Americans.
Important Indian Battles and Congressional Action
• Battle of the Little Bighorn – Sioux _____________surrounded
U.S. Army General George ___________and killed every soldier
under his command.
• Dawes Act (General Allotment Act) – In an attempt to
_____________Native Americans into the mainstream of society,
Congress dissolved ______________and gave each Native American
gamily 160 acres to farm. Any excess land had to be sold to the
government at low prices plunging the Native Americans deeper
into_______________.
Wounded Knee
Wovoka – Sioux ____________who developed a religious ritual called the Ghost
Dance (Sioux believed this dance would bring back the ____________and return
the Native American tribes to their land.) This ______________white settlers.
• Sitting Bull – Sioux leader whom the U.S. Army believed was using the
____________Dance to start a Native American_______________.
• Wounded Knee – After trying to ___________Sitting Bull a fight
broke out and he was __________by the U.S. Army. They then
pursued the Sioux men, women and _____________to their camp at
Wounded Knee Creek. The Sioux were ________________by the
U.S. army (around 350 killed). This marked the ____________of U.S.
Army battles with Native Americans.

2. 2
CHUNK #1 The Bessemer Process
Turn to page 92. Read The Bessemer Process, and answer the
following questions
Setting When? –
Characters Who? -
Plot What is it? –
Outcome What could now be done? –
Important Development used in Continental Expansion
• The Bessemer Process – process by which ___________could be
made faster and more____________. Bessemer, Alabama (important
__________center) is named after man who invented process.
• Revolver – type of ____________which had a cylinder containing
several _______________ allowing for more rapid firing. Became a
standard for personal ________________in the West.
• Steel Plow – Invented by John__________. The plow was strong
enough to cut thorough the though ___________sod of the Midwest
and the____________.
• Windmill – Farmers in the Plains used the wind’s power to
____________water (which was 100 feet underground) to
the_____________.
• Barbed Wire – Wire with barbed __________that gave farmers a
___________and efficient way to _____________in their land.
• Railroad – Provided the easiest way to move people and products to
the major___________. Towns developed along the
____________which lead to the _____________of the west.
Farming in the 1870s and 1880s
• Grange –______________formed by local farmers to protect their
interests from ________________cutting into their farming
____________(profits).
• Populists Party – formed to address the _____________of farmers
and other______________.
Alabama Agriculture and Industry

3. 3
• Boll Weevil – insect that _____________the cotton crops of
Alabama. Forced farmers to ________________their crops.
• Birmingham, Alabama – known for ______________making.
• Mobile, Alabama – known for its important _______________center
for industry.
• Many investors came to Alabama and started large
______________industries due to the states’ ready supply
of_______________.
Important Industrial Inventions
• Industrial Revolution – During the 1880s the U.S. used its
_____________resources and spirit of ______________ to begin
the process of____________________.
• Transatlantic Cable – first _______________cable beneath the Atlantic
Ocean. It allowed the U.S. to hear of _________________in Europe
immediately through telegraph messages.
• Alexander Graham Bell – first _______________transmission.
Move to the Cities
• Many people left their ____________and moved to the city for
higher ______________as the industrialization continued in the U.S.
• Waves of _____________from Europe also came in search
of______________.
• A population _______________created many opportunities and
caused many __________________in the cities.
• Henry Ford – In 1913, the first moving automobile
______________line was introduced improving the way items were
____________in America.
CHUNK #2 Robber Barons
Turn to page 96. Read Famous Robber Barons and Their Monopolies,
and answer the following questions.
John D. Rockefeller - Owned .
- Monopoly in the oil industry because he
was the only supplier of oil from
.

4. 4
Andrew Carnegie - Owned a that controlled the
_________ and owned the railroads
and steam ships.
- Monopoly in the production of steel and ___
competition.
Cornelius Vanderbilt - Owned the ______ _____
railroad.
Negative Aspects of Urbanization
• Monopoly – only one _______________for a particular industry.
• Robber Barons – the name for some 19th century
_______________because they became wealthy by
_________________and ruthlessness.
• John D. Rockefeller – owned the _______________Oil Company.
• Andrew Carnegie – owned a steel company that
_________________the iron and _____________mines and owned
railroads and steam ships.
• Gospel of Wealth – belief by Andrew ____________that the
wealthy had a responsibility to use it for the betterment of
the____________.
• Cornelius Vanderbilt – owned the Central_________________.
• Social Darwinism – Only the strongest _______________will survive.
Labor Unions
• Labor Unions – organizations of workers who put ____________on
industries to improve ________________conditions.
• Strike – the ____________to work until certain conditions are met.
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) – worked to organize
______________in entire ______________(car manufacturing).
Immigrants
• Racism – ______________
• Nativism – favoring one’s _____________or region.
• 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – prohibited _____________from
immigrating to the U.S.
• 1921 – The Emergency Quota Act – Law limiting the
_______________of legal immigrants to 3% of the total
________________of each nationality from ____________and
Eastern Europe.

5. 5
• 1924 – National Origins Act of 1924 – Changed quota of
________________from Southern and Eastern Europe to 2% and
________________all immigration from Asia.
The Progressive Movement
• Progressivism – developed in response to the growing
________________in big business. It championed the causes of
whoever was being _________________by society.
• Muckrakers – journalists who wrote ______________about the
_______________of big business on workers and consumers.
• The Jungle by Upton Sinclair – exposed the
_________________working conditions and dangerous
_____________quality in __________processing plants in Chicago.
CHUNK #3 Important Amendments to the Constitution
Gist – Turn to page 98. Read Important Amendments to the Constitution,
and described the four amendments in the space provided that gives the
“gist” or summary of the selection.
16th Amendment -
______________________________________
17th Amendment -
______________________________________
18th Amendment - _________
_______________________
19th Amendment -
_____________________________________
• The History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell – exposed
the ruthless ______________of the Standard Oil Company it its
quest to gain a _________________in the oil company.

6. • Horace Mann – pushed for the public ______________of men and
women in the early 19th_________________.
6
Important Amendments to the Constitution
• The Progressive Movement gained a lot of ____________in the early
1900s and lead to the _________________of new amendments.
• 16th – Congress now had the power to collect _______________on
business and_______________.
• 17th – The election of ______________by states instead of the
state legislatures.
• 18th – Prohibited the making, selling or ______________of alcoholic
beverages.
• 19th – Gave women the right to_____________.
President Theodore Roosevelt
• Theodore Roosevelt was a ________________president who
initiated several reforms while in office.
• National Parks System – protected huge amounts of
______________from development.
• Sherman Antitrust Act – Act passed by Congress that declared the
_________________of trusts in order to monopolize
_______________was illegal
• Northern Securities Trust – a group of smaller
______________companies formed to set prices and
_______________smaller competitors. Prosecuted by Roosevelt for
violating the ________________Antitrust Act.
• Square Deal – a verbal contract with the American people to maintain
______________for individuals and for businesses.
• Food and Drug Act – passed after Roosevelt read The Jungle.
________________the health of U.S. consumers
Election of 1912
• Woodrow Wilson – established a reform program called New
________________. His goal was to ensure that there was
________________in the marketplace.
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) – A ____________________that
had the power to investigate companies for
______________business practices.
• Clayton Antitrust Act - Act passed by Congress that banned
tying_________________, which required

7. _________________who bought from one company to stop selling a
competitor’s __________________.
7
• This act made sure that _______________could not use antitrust
laws to ______________ up labor unions.
Race Relations After Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan – increased their _______________of blacks.
Lynchings were _______________and schools were burned. Because
of this many blacks left the South and moved to the
____________in what is known as the Black Exodus.
• Booker T. Washington – founded the ______________Institute in
Alabama. He believed in the _________________of races.
• Tuskegee Institute – school which provided training in the industrial
and ____________fields. Became an important center for
_______________education in the South
• George Washington Carver – student at Tuskegee Institute. He
became famous for his _______________experimentation with
peanuts, soybeans and cottons. His contributions enabled
_______________in the South to grow different kinds of
_____________for profit besides cotton.
• W.E.B. Dubois – First black PH.D. ______________from Harvard
University. He ________________with Booker T. Washington’s
philosophy. He believed blacks should pursue white collar jobs not
settle low _______________jobs.
• Niagara Movements – organized by W.E.B. Dubois. Meeting of black
_____________that outlined an agenda for black progress in the
United States.
• NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People) – organization of black and white intellectuals who adopted the
goals of the ____________movement as their own. Powerful
organization that helped _____________the minds of many people
about race_______________.
• Plessy v Ferguson – Supreme Court decision that stated
______________(separation of races) was legal as long as
_______________and services were equal. (Separate but equal).