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RUTILEA社内で定期的に行っている勉強会の第7回です. 第7回のテーマは”LSTMを用いた異常検知”です.
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RUTILEA社内勉強会第7回 「LSTMを用いた異常検知」
1.
1 LSTMを用いた異常値検知 KIM YONGMIN 2020/02/14
2.
目次 • LSTMの紹介 • RNNの構造 •
LSTMの構造 • 異常値検知 • 心電図の異常値検知 • マハラノビス距離 • MCD(Minimum Covariance Determinant) 2
3.
RNNの構造 3 • RNNはhidden layerが方向性を持ちエッジにつながる循環構造を持つ人工的なニューラル ネットワークである. •
音声,文字など逐次的なデータに向いている. • 種類 • One to many: 写真の説明(写真から単語へ) • Many to one: 感情分析(単語から感情指標へ) • Many to many: 翻訳(単語から単語へ)
4.
4 RNNの基本構造 <RNNの内部構造> <RNNの例>
5.
LSTMの構造 5 • RNNはcell間距離が遠くなると,誤差逆伝播が進むことに従って,勾配が減り性能が低下 するVanishing gradient
problemがある. • その問題を解決するために提案されたのがLSTM
6.
LSTMの構造 6 Forget gate: 𝑓𝑡は過去を忘れるためのゲート Input gate: 𝑖
𝑡 ⊙ 𝑔𝑡は現在の情報を記憶する ためのゲート
7.
異常値検知 7 • LSTMから過去のデータから次のデータを予測するモデルを作り,訓練データのパータン を学習させることができる. • その予測値とデータの誤差を計算することで学習データ(正常のデータ)との相違の指標 として使うことができる.
8.
異常値検知 8 心電図の異常値検知 • 正常の部分を訓練データを10個のデータから3個のデータ予測するモデルに合わせデータ前処 理しLSMTモデルを学習する. • LSTMモデルの予測値と実際のデータとの誤差分布を求める. •
その分布から確率分布上の距離であるマハラノビス距離を求め,データの値がどのぐらい分布 から離れているか(異常値の程度)を数値化する. • マハラノビス距離が正規分布に従うとすると,その二乗がカイ二乗分布に従うので,カイ二乗 分布の検定を行い,異常値を検出する.
9.
異常値検知 • マハラノビス距離 確率分布上の距離であり, 平均と標準偏差の何倍離れているかを表す指標 →確率分布上,どのぐらい起きにくいか 9
10.
異常値検知 10 LSTMを用いた心電図の異常値検値
11.
MCD(Minimum Covariance Determinant) •
マハラノビス距離を求めるには共分散行列が必要 • 共分散行列は異常値によわい→異常値による変動が大きい • その問題を解決するために提案されたものがMCD • 定義 与えられたデータから共分散の行列式を最小とするhコのデータを取り出せ, それを用いて共分散を求める. MCDに用いられるデータの個数hは(𝑛 + 𝑝 + 1)/2 ≤ ℎ ≤ 𝑛を用いる. 11 https://wis.kuleuven.be/stat/robust/papers/2010/wire-mcd.pdf
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