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LSTMを用いた異常値検知
KIM YONGMIN 2020/02/14
目次
• LSTMの紹介
• RNNの構造
• LSTMの構造
• 異常値検知
• 心電図の異常値検知
• マハラノビス距離
• MCD(Minimum Covariance Determinant)
2
RNNの構造
3
• RNNはhidden layerが方向性を持ちエッジにつながる循環構造を持つ人工的なニューラル
ネットワークである.
• 音声,文字など逐次的なデータに向いている.
• 種類
• One to many: 写真の説明(写真から単語へ)
• Many to one: 感情分析(単語から感情指標へ)
• Many to many: 翻訳(単語から単語へ)
4
RNNの基本構造
<RNNの内部構造> <RNNの例>
LSTMの構造
5
• RNNはcell間距離が遠くなると,誤差逆伝播が進むことに従って,勾配が減り性能が低下
するVanishing gradient problemがある.
• その問題を解決するために提案されたのがLSTM
LSTMの構造
6
Forget gate:
𝑓𝑡は過去を忘れるためのゲート
Input gate:
𝑖 𝑡 ⊙ 𝑔𝑡は現在の情報を記憶する
ためのゲート
異常値検知
7
• LSTMから過去のデータから次のデータを予測するモデルを作り,訓練データのパータン
を学習させることができる.
• その予測値とデータの誤差を計算することで学習データ(正常のデータ)との相違の指標
として使うことができる.
異常値検知
8
心電図の異常値検知
• 正常の部分を訓練データを10個のデータから3個のデータ予測するモデルに合わせデータ前処
理しLSMTモデルを学習する.
• LSTMモデルの予測値と実際のデータとの誤差分布を求める.
• その分布から確率分布上の距離であるマハラノビス距離を求め,データの値がどのぐらい分布
から離れているか(異常値の程度)を数値化する.
• マハラノビス距離が正規分布に従うとすると,その二乗がカイ二乗分布に従うので,カイ二乗
分布の検定を行い,異常値を検出する.
異常値検知
• マハラノビス距離
確率分布上の距離であり, 平均と標準偏差の何倍離れているかを表す指標
→確率分布上,どのぐらい起きにくいか
9
異常値検知
10
LSTMを用いた心電図の異常値検値
MCD(Minimum Covariance Determinant)
• マハラノビス距離を求めるには共分散行列が必要
• 共分散行列は異常値によわい→異常値による変動が大きい
• その問題を解決するために提案されたものがMCD
• 定義
与えられたデータから共分散の行列式を最小とするhコのデータを取り出せ,
それを用いて共分散を求める.
MCDに用いられるデータの個数hは(𝑛 + 𝑝 + 1)/2 ≤ ℎ ≤ 𝑛を用いる.
11
https://wis.kuleuven.be/stat/robust/papers/2010/wire-mcd.pdf

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RUTILEA社内勉強会第7回 「LSTMを用いた異常検知」