maleria

1. Prepared By : Syed Hassnain Shah
Submitted to : Sofia Rafikova
Group # 02
Semester # 10
MALARIA

2. Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular
protozoa of the genus Plasmodium
P. falciparum
P. malariae
P. ovale
P. vivax
P. knowlesi

4. Approximately 300-500 million cases of
malaria occur every year
1-2 million deaths
most of them in young children
People of all races are affected
especially children aged 6 months to 5 years
causes as many as 10% of all deaths in
children

5. Risk of
malaria
around
the
world

7.  There are many factors that can cause
malaria, such as :-
 Bitten by a malarial vector (Anopheles
stephensi)
 Use of shared and infected syringes.
 Organ transplantation.
 Transfusion.
 From an infected mother to her baby during
birth.
Causesof Malaria

11.  Symptoms of malaria are exhibited within 7 to 18 days of
being infected.
 The most characteristic symptom of malaria is fever.
 Other common symptoms include:-
 chills
 headache
 myalgias
 nausea
 vomiting
 Diarrhea
 abdominal pain
 cough

12. The malaria paroxysm comprises three successive
stages..
1) The first is a 15-to-60 minute cold stage characterized
by shivering and a feeling of cold.
2) Next comes the 2-to-6 hour hot stage, in which there
is fever, sometimes reaching 41°C, flushed, dry skin,
and often headache, nausea, and vomiting.
3) Finally, there is the 2-to-4 hour sweating stage during
which the fever drops rapidly and the patient sweats.
In severe cases, malaria can be devastating; it can lead
to seizures, coma and eventually, death.

14. Thick and thin blood smears.
Rapid diagnostic tests (antigen testing).
Molecular tests (Polymerase chain
reaction, PCR).
Antibody tests (serology).
Susceptibility testing.

15. The diagnosis of malaria is established by the
identification of organisms on stained smears of
peripheral blood.
 In nonimmune persons, symptoms typically occur 1 to
2 days before parasites are detectable on blood smear.
 The concentration of erythrocytes on a thick smear is
approximately 20 to 40 times greater than that on a
thin smear.
 Thick smears are used to scan large numbers of
erythrocytes quickly.
 Thin smears allow for positive identification of the
malaria species and determination of the percentage
of infected erythrocytes

16. When microscopy is not readily available,
rapid diagnostic tests may be used instead
of blood smears.
These tests detect malaria antigens
(proteins) in a sample of a person’s blood
(usually taken with a fingerstick).
 indicate a positive result by a color change
on the testing strip.
They are sometimes called “dipstick” tests.
Rapid diagnostic tests (antigen testing)

17. The polymerase chain reaction is a
laboratory method that amplifies the
parasite’s DNA and allows detection
and identification of the Plasmodium
species.
 It can be used to determine the
Plasmodium species if the results of a
blood smear are unclear.

18. Serology tests detect antibodies in
the blood that are produced by the
body in response to a malaria
infection.
They cannot diagnose an acute
infection but help determine if a
person was previously exposed.

23. THANK
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