3. Noun
A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence,
nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object
complement, appositive, or adjective.
Noun can be a/an –
❖ Person – A name for a person: - Max, Julie, Catherine, Michel, Bob, etc.
❖ Animal – A name for an animal: - dog, cat, cow, kangaroo, etc.
❖ Place – A name for a place: - London, Australia, Canada, Mumbai, etc.
❖ Thing – A name for a thing: - bat, ball, chair, door, house, computer, etc.
❖ Idea – A name for an idea: - devotion, superstition, happiness, excitement, etc.
5. ❖ Proper Noun:
A proper noun is a name which refers only to a single person, place, or thing and there is no common
name for it. In written English, a proper noun always begins with capital letters.
Example:
• Melbourne (it refers to only one particular city), Steve (refers to a particular person), Australia (there is no other
country named Australia; this name is fixed for only one country).
❖ Common Noun:
A common noun is a name for something which is common for many things, person, or places. It
encompasses a particular type of things, person, or places.
Example:
• Country (it can refer to any country, nothing in particular), city (it can refer to any city like Melbourne, Mumbai,
Toronto, etc. but nothing in particular).
❑ So, a common noun is a word that indicates a person, place, thing, etc. In general and a proper noun is a specific one of those.
6. ❖ Abstract Noun:
An abstract noun is a word for something that cannot be seen but is there. It has no physical existence.
Generally, it refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions.
Example:
• Truth, lies, happiness, sorrow, time, friendship, humor, patriotism, etc.
❖ Concrete Noun:
A concrete noun is the exact opposite of abstract noun. It refers to the things we see and have physical
existence.
Example:
• Chair, table, bat, ball, water, money, sugar, etc.
❖ Countable Noun:
The nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns. Countable nouns can take an article: a, an, the.
Example:
• Chair, table, bat, ball, etc. (you can say 1 chair, 2 chairs, 3 chairs – so chairs are countable)
7. ❖ Non-countable Noun:
The nouns that cannot be counted are called non-countable nouns.
Example: Water, sugar, oil, salt, etc. (you cannot say “1 water, 2 water, 3 water” because water is not countable)
❑ Abstract nouns and proper nouns are always non-countable nouns, but common nouns and concrete nouns can be both count and
non-count nouns.
❖ Collective Noun:
A collective noun is a word for a group of things, people, or animals, etc.
Example: family, team, jury, cattle, etc.
❑ Collective nouns can be both plural and singular. However, Americans prefer to use collective nouns as singular, but both of the uses
are correct in other parts of the world.
❖ Compound Noun:
Sometimes two or three nouns appear together, or even with other parts of speech, and create
idiomatic compound nouns. Idiomatic means that those nouns behave as a unit and, to a lesser or greater degree, amount
to more than the sum of their parts.
Example: six-pack, five-year-old, and son-in-law, snowball, mailbox, etc.
8. Functions of Nouns
Nouns can be used as a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object of a verb as an object of a preposition
and as an adverb or adjective in sentences. Nouns can also show possession.
▪ Subject: The company is doing great. Roses are the flowers of love.
▪ Direct object: I finally bought a new mobile.
▪ Indirect object: Max gave Carol another chocolate.
▪ Object of preposition: Roses are the flowers of love.
▪ Adverb: The train leaves today.
▪ Adjective: The office building faces the mall.
▪ Possession: The lion’s cage is dangerous. My brother’s daughter is adorable.
9.
10. Pronouns
❑ A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer
to either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need to
be named specifically.
▪ The most common pronouns are the personal pronouns, which refer to the person or
people speaking or writing (first person), the person or people being spoken to
(second person), or other people or things (third person).
▪ Like nouns, personal pronouns can function as either the subject of a verb or the
object of a verb or preposition: "She likes him, but he loves her."
11. Most of the personal pronouns have different subject and object
forms:
13. ❖Subject Pronouns:
Subject pronouns work as the subject of the verb in a sentence. A subject pronoun normally replaces the
subject/object (a noun) of the previous sentence.
Example:
• Mike can’t attend the party. He has gone to his grandparents.
• Marta is a good storyteller. She told a ghost story that scared everyone.
• Julie made some cakes. They look tasty. (Here, the subject pronoun replaced the object of the previous sentence)
❖Object Pronouns:
Object pronouns work as the object or indirect object in a sentence replacing the antecedent object. This
form of the pronoun is also used after prepositions.
Example:
• I’ll give you a present on your birthday. I have a great idea for you. (after preposition)
• Tell her that you’ll take the job.
• I have a gift for your boss. Give it to your boss. (Here, ‘it’ works as an object)
14. ❖Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns replace the nouns of the possessive adjectives: my, our, your, her, his, their. The
possessive pronouns are mine, ours, yours, hers, his, its, theirs. The pronoun ‘who’ also has a possessive form, whose.
Example:
• I thought my bag was lost, but the one Kesrick found was mine. (Here, ‘mine’ refers to ‘my bag’)
• Their vacation will start next week. Ours is tomorrow. (Here, ‘ours’ refers to ‘our vacation’)
• Those four suitcases are ours.
• Is this yours?
❑You have to take either her car or theirs. Hers is better than theirs. (Here, ‘her’ is possessive adjective and ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’ are possessive pronouns
which replaced ‘her car’ and ‘their car’)
❖Reflexive Pronouns:
Reflexive pronoun redirects a sentence or a clause back to the subject, which is also the direct object of that
sentence. A reflexive pronoun comes when the subject performs its action upon itself. Here, ‘itself’ is a reflexive pronoun.
Example:
• Since she is her own boss, she gave herself a raise. (Here, ‘herself’ is the direct object of the clause and the same person is the subject)
• She allowed herself more time to get ready.
• The computer restarts itself every night.
• We told ourselves that we were so lucky to be alive.
15. ❖Intensive Pronouns:
Intensive pronouns add emphasis/importance but do not act as the object in the sentence. They can appear
right after the subject.
Example:
• I will do it myself. (Here, ‘myself’ is not an object)
• I myself saw the missing boat into the harbor.
• We intend to do all the work ourselves.
• You yourselves are responsible for this mess.
❖Demonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns normally indicate the closeness of or distance from the speaker, either literally or
symbolically. This, these, that, and those are the demonstrative pronouns. They also work as demonstrative adjectives when they
modify a noun. However, demonstrative pronouns do not modify anything rather replace the nouns/noun phrases.
Sometimes neither, none and such are also used as demonstrative pronouns.
Example:
• That is a long way to go. (demonstrative pronoun)
16. ❖Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns introduce the relative clause. They are used to make clear what is being talked about in a
sentence. They describe something more about the subject or the object.
The relative pronouns are:
Example:
• The car that was stolen was the one they loved most.
• A person who loves nature is a good person.
• Our school, which was founded in 1995, is being renovated.
• I will accept whichever party dress you buy me on Valentine's Day.
• Whoever you are behind this great initiative, I want to thank you.
17. ❖Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns produce questions. They are what, which, who, whom, and whose.
❑ Who, whom, and whose refer to questions related to a person or animal; what refers to an idea, object, or event; and which can
indicate either a person/s or a thing/s.
Example:
• What was the name of your dog?
• Which is your favorite movie?
• Who works for you?
• Whom do you prefer in this competition?
• There’s a new bike on the lawn. Whose is it?
18.
19.
20.
21. Fill in the blank with I or me.
1. Mom drove _____ to school today.
2. _____ really want that chocolate cake.
3. Everyone is happy for _____.
4. When ___ get home, I am going to bed.
5. Is that present for _____?
22. At Sharon's birthday party, I swam in the _______.
What noun should be added to complete the sentence?
A. clowns
B. pool
C. bright
D. slid
23. Mac and Derek watched the airplanes fly over their house
whenever they were bored.
What do the pronouns they and their refer to?
A. the airplanes
B. the house
C. Mac and Derek's house
D. Mac and Derek
24. Crystal's socks were on the floor in her messy bedroom.
Which of the following words from the sentence above is a
noun?
A. floor
B. messy
C. her
D. were
25. Fill in the blank with she or her.
1. Harry wrote a love poem for _______.
2. _______ went to the movies with Miguel.
3. Debbie had a headache, so _______ took
medicine.
4. Have you told _______ the good news?
5. The book was very enjoyable to _______
26. The two _______ slept on the bed.
What noun should be added to complete the sentence?
A. dogs
B. shined
C. awake
D. necklaces
27. Fill in the blank with he or him.
1. Randy’s sister refused to give _______ the paper.
2. When _______ fell out of the tree, he broke his arm.
3. Did Sam tell you why _______ did not come to the
party?
4. Ask Hagop what we should bring back for _______.
5. I told _______ about the celebration.
28. Lea wants to bring Janet to the team as soon as possible.
Which of the words from the sentence above is a noun?
A. team
B. as
C. bring
D. to
29. Jack and Jeff were happy when their grandfather came to
visit.
What does the pronoun their refer to?
A. grandfather
B. Jack and Jeff
C. happy
D. visit
30. Read the sentence.
Nell has a talent for making quilts and children's clothing.
Which word from the sentence is an example of an abstract noun?
A. making
B. clothing
C. talent
D. quilts
31. After the horse race, the horse's owner was pleased that her
horse and her jockey had won the race and beaten the other
racers.
What does the pronoun her refer to?
A. the jockey
B. the horse race
C. the horse's owner
D. the horse
32. Jamie gave Betty his aquarium before moving to the new house
across town.
What is the pronoun in the sentence?
A. his
B. Betty
C. across
D. Jamie
33. The girls are playing in the garden. ……………….. look very
happy.
A. They
B. She
C. We
34. Mike broke his new skateboard, so Becca gave him an old one
that was in the garage.
What is the pronoun in the sentence?
A. garage
B. one
C. him
D. old
35. The boys are making a lot of noise. Please ask ……………… to
be quiet.
A. They
B. Them
C. him
36. Where is Rohan? I haven’t seen ………………. in several days.
A. He
B. Him
C. them
37. My daughters enjoy watching cartoon films. This CD is for
………………….
A. She
B. Her
C. them
