Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system. Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing. The key points are, - The anatomic review - Brain & limbic system - Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft - Neurotransmitters - Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.

1. Nervous
System
Susmita Halder
M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year
Govt . College of Nursing,
Bankura Sammilani Medical College & Hospital

2. An anatomical review
Brain & Limbic system
CONTENTS
Nerve Tissue
Neurotransmitters
Autonomic nervous system

3. An
Anatomical
Review

4. The Nervous System

5. Brain &
Limbic
system

6. The Brain
The adult human brain weighs on average about 1.2–1.4 kg (2.6–3.1 lb)
which is about 2% of the total body weight, with a volume of around
1260 cm3 in men and 1130 cm3 in women. There is substantial
individual variation, with the standard reference range for men being
1,180–1,620 g (2.60–3.57 lb) and for women 1,030–1,400 g (2.27–3.09
lb)

7. Parts of Brain
FORE BRAIN
HIND BRAIN
MID- BRAIN

8. Parts of Brain
The brain has major three divisions which are subdivided into six major parts.
1. Forebrain-
a. Cerebrum
b. Diencephalon
2. Mid brain-
a. Mesencephalon
3. Hind brain-
a. Pons
b. Medulla oblongata
c. Cerebellum

9. MAJOR PARTS OF BRAIN
CEREBRUM
DIENCEPHALON
MESCENCEPHALON
PONS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA
OBLANGATA

10. The Brain
1. FORE BRAIN
i. Cerebrum: Composed of two cerebral hemispheres connected by
a deep groove which houses a band of 200 million neurons called the
corpus callosum.
• The surface of cerebrum consists of grey matter, known as
cerebral cortex.
• Another pair of masses of grey matter is called basal ganglia. It is
found deep within the cerebral hemispheres, are responsible for
certain subconcious aspects of voluntary movement such as swinging
the arms, when walking, gesturing while speaking and regulating
muscle tone

12. CONT..
The cerebral cortex is identified
by numerous folds called gyri,
and the deep grooves between
the folds are known as sulci.
• Left hemisphere appears
to deal with logic and problem
solving, controls speech
comprehension rationally.
• Right hemisphere is
associated with affect, behaviour,
and spatial perceptual function.

13. Activities Right Hemisphere Left hemisphere
Specialities • Copying of designs
• Discrimination of shapes
• Reading
• Music
• Holistic processing
• Understanding metaphor
• Expressing emotions
• Language skills
• Skilled movements
Emotions • Negative Emotions • Positive Emotions
Neurotransmitters • Higher Levels of norepinephrine • Higher levels of dopamine
Grey matter and white matter
ratio
• More white matter on right • More Grey matter on the left
Shared • Sensations on both side of the face
• Sound perceived by both ears
• Pain
• Hunger
• Position

16. Cortical areas and its functions
Cortical area Function
Primary motor cortex Initiation of voluntary movement
Primary somatosensory
cortex
Receives tactile information pain pressure position movement and
temperature
Motor association cortex Coordination of complex movements
Speech centre broca’s
area
Speech Production and articulation
Auditory cortex Auditory perception and healing
Auditory association area Complex processing of auditory information
Sensory association area Complex processing of multisensory information
Visual association area Primary visual perception
Wenicke’s area Spoken language Comprehension

18. Cont..
• Each cerebral hemisphere consists of four lobes.
• FRONTAL LOBE- Controls body movements, formation of
speaking, thinking and judgement. It has a role in emotional
experiences and expression of mood.
• PARIETAL LOBE- Controls perception and interpretation of
sensory information. Touch, taste, pain, body position, language
interpretation, is asscociated with left hemisphere of parietal lobe.

19. Frontal Lobe
• Voluntary body
movement
• Including movements
that permit-
• speaking
• Thinking
• judgement formation,
• expression of feelings

20. Parietal lobe
• Perception and
interpretation of most
sensory information
includes-
• Touch
• Pain
• Taste
• Body position

21. • TEMPORAL LOBE- Auditory functions are performed by upper snterior
lobe. Lowe lobe performs the function of short term memory. It
involves in complex aspets of memory and learning, functions of
abstract thought and judgement. It has a role of smell, expression of
emotions through limbic system connectivity. Left temporal lobe
helps in language interpretation.
• OCCIPITAL LOBE- It has primary areas of visual perception and
interpretation language perception through an association with visual
experiences.

22. Temporal Lobe
• Hearing
• Short-term memory
• Sense of smell
• Expression of
emotions through
connection with
limbic system

23. Occipital Lobe
• Visual reception
• Interpretation

25. cont..
ii. Diencephalon- Connects the cerebrum with lower structures of the
brain.
• Thalamus is a critical structure containing the consciousness.
Thalamus integrats all sensory inputs except smeel. It is involved
with emotions and moodsuch as fear and rage.

26. Diencephalon
• Connects cerebrum
with lower brain
structures

27. Thalamus
• Integrates all sensory
input (except smell)
on way to cortex
• Involvement with
emotions and mood

28. cont..
• Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and just above the
pituitary gland, and has a number of diverse functions.

29. Hypothalamus
• Regulates anterior and
posterior lobes of
pituitary gland
• Exerts control over
actions of the ANS
• Regulates appetite
and temperature.

30. Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and just above the pituitary gland, and
has a number of diverse functions.
3
2
1
6
7
8
4
5
9
REGULATION OF
APPETITE
POST. PITUITARY
STORES OXYTOCIN,
STIMULATES UTERUS,
SECRETS MILK
REGULATION OF
TEMPRETURE
ACTS A VITAL ROLE
DIRECT NEURAL
CONTROL OVER ANS
ACT AS ‘RELEASING
FACTORS’
POST. PITUITARY
STORES ADH AND
CONTROLS BP
REGULATION OF
PITUITARY GLAND
FUNCTIONS

31. Limbic System-
Part of brain known as limbic system consists of portions of cerebrum and
diencephalon.
the major components include medially placed cortical and subcortical
structures and the fibres connecting with each other and with the
hypothalamus which is is composed of
• 1. Hippocampus
• 2. Mammillary body
• 3. Amygdala
• 4. Olfactory Tract
• 5. Hypothalamus
• 6. Cirgulate gyrus
• 7. Septem pellucidum
• 8. Fornix

32. Limbic System
• Known as “Emotional
Brain “
• Feelings of fear &
anxiety
• Anger & aggression
• Love, joy
• Sexuality
• Social Behavior

33. MID BRAIN
Structures of mid brain include nuclei and fiber tracts.
It extends fro pons to hypothalamus.
It is responsible for integration of various reflexes including visual reflexes auditory reflexes and righting reflexes
(automatically keeping the head upright and maintaining the balance)

34. Mid brain
• Visual
• Auditory
• Balance reflexes

35. HIND BRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA
OBLANGATA
CEREBELLUM

36. C. Hind Brain
• i. Pons is a bulbous structure that lies between the mid brain and
the medulla. It is composed of large bundles of fibres forms a
connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem.
• It also contains the central connections of cranial nerves V through
VIII centres for respiration and skeletal muscle tone

37. Pons
• Regulation of
respiration
• Skeletal muscle tone
• Ascending and
descending tracts
connects brain stem
with cerebellum and
cortex

38. CONT..
• ii. Medulla is the connecting structure between the spinal cord and
the pons. All of the ascending and descending fibres pass through it.
the medulla pons and meet brain from the structure and known as
brainstem
• It contains vital centres that regulate heart rate blood pressure
respiration reflex centres for swallowing sneezing coughing and
vomiting. Also contains nuclei for cranial nerves IX through XII

39. Medulla
• Regulates heart rate &
BP
• Respiration
• Reflex centre for
sneezing, swallowing,
coughing and
vomiting

40. CONT..
• iii. Cerebellum is separated from brain by fourth ventricle but has
connections to the brainstem through the bundles of fibre tracts. It is
situated just below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
• It is concerned with involuntary movements such as muscular tone
coordination and maintenance of posture and equilibrium.

41. Cerebellum
• Regulates muscle
tone
• Coordination
• Maintains posture
and equilibrium

42. BASAL GANGLIA
• 2. Basal ganglia grey matters that are functionally related and
located bilaterally in cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain
• It controls muscle tone and movement dysfunction which leads to
Parkinson's disease

43. Nerve
Tissue

44. Parts of Neuron
NEURON
The tissue of central
nervous system consists
of nerve cells are called
neurones
CELL BODY
Contains the
nucleus
AXONS
Transmit impulses
away from the body.
DENDRITES
Transmit impulses
towards the cell
body

46. CLASSES OF NEURONES
SENSORY NEURONES INTER NEURONES
MOTOR NEURONES
Carries impulses from the receptors in
the internal external pathway to
central nervous system
Carries impulses from the central
nervous system effectors in the
periphery and in the muscles
Inter neurones exist in tally within the
central nervous system which carry
only sensory or motor impulses play
as integrators in the pathway between
afferent and efferent neurones.

49. Neuro
Transmitters

52. Neurotransmitters
CHOLINERGICS
• Acetylcholine
MONOAMINES • Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• Serotonin
• Histamine
AMINO ACIDS • GABA
• Glycine
• Glutamate & Aspertate
• D- Serine
NEUROPEPTIDES • Endorphins and enkephalins
• Substance P
• Somatostatin

53. Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased
1. CHOLINERGICS
Acetylcholine 1. Sleep, arousal, pain
perception, movement,
memory
Aljheimer’s disease Depression
2. MONOAMINES
a. Norepinephrine Mood cognition perception
locomotion cardiovascular
functioning sleep and arousal
Depression Mania anxiety States
Schizophrenia
b. Dopamine Movement and coordination
emotions voluntary
judgement release of
prolactin
Parkinson’s disease and
depression
Mania and schizophrenia
c. Serotonin Sleep arousal libido apatite
Mood aggression Pain
perception coordination
judgement
Depression Anxiety States
d. Histamine Control of gastric secretions
smooth muscle control
cardiac stimulation
stimulation of sensory nerve
endings and alertness
Depression

54. Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased
3. AMINO ACIDS
a. GABA Slow down of body activity Anxiety disorders
schizophrenia and various
forms of epilepsy
b. Glycine Recurrent inhibition of motor
neurons
Correlated with spastic motor
movements
Glycine encephalopathy.
. Glutamate and Aspartate Relay of sensory information
and in regulation of various
motor and spinal reflexes
Huntington’s disease temporal
lobe epilepsy spinal cerebellar
degeneration
d. D- Serine Binds at NMDA receptors,
with glutamate, is a co-agonist
who functions include
mediating NMDA receptor
transmission, synaptic
plasticity, neurotoxicity
Schizophrenia

55. Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased
4. NEUROPEPTIDES
a. Endorphins and
Enkephalins
Modulation of pain and
reduced peristalsis
Modulation of dopamine
activity by opioid peptides.
May indicate some lead to
the symptoms of
schizophrenia.
b. Substance P Regulation of pain Huntington’s disease and
Alzheimer’s disease
Depression
c. Somatostatin Inhibits release of
norepinephrine stimulates
the release of serotonin
dopamine and acetylcholine
Alzheimer’s disease Huntington’s disease

56. NEUROTRANSMITTERS & RELATED
MENTAL DISORDERS
Decrease in glutamate
level
Decrease in gamma-
aminobutyric acid
level
Increase in dopamine
level
Decrease in
norepinephrine level
Decrease in serotonin
level
Psychotic thinking
Anxiety
Schizophrenia
Depression
Alzheimer’s
disease

57. Autonomic
Nervous System

58. Parasympathetic
Division
Sympathetic
Division
Autonomic
Nervous System

60. AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic
Division
Parasympathetic
Division
Neuronal bodies of parasympathetic division
originate in the brainstem and the sacral segments
of spinal cord and extend to the parasympathetic
ganglia where the synapse takes place either very
close or actually in the visceral organ being
innervated. The parasympathetic division dominates
when the individual is in relaxed non stressful
condition. The heart rate and respiration and
maintained in normal rate and secretions and
peristalsis increase for normal digestion. Elimination
functions are promoted.
Neuronal bodies of sympathetic division
originate in the thoracolumbar region of
the spinal cord. The their axons Austin to
the chains of sympathetic ganglia where
they synapse with other neurones that
subsequently innovate the visceral
effectors resulting in increased heart rate
and respirations and a decrease in
digestive secretions and peristalsis. Blood
is shunted to the vital organs and skeletal
muscles to ensure adequate oxygenation

61. SUMMMERIZATION
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Nervous system is com various complex
structures which are essential to
understand psychobiology that will
enhance knowledge
BRAIN
LIMBIC
SYSTEM
NERVE
TISSUES
CNS ANS
NEURO
TRANSMI
TTERS

63. THANK
YOU