composition-care-cleaning-different-surfaces

Types, Composition, and
Cleaning of Hard Surfaces

Objectives
To be able to
realize the importance of maintaining hard surfaces
gain knowledge regarding the types of hard surfaces
found in various areas of the hotel.
understand the importance and methods of protecting
hard surfaces from wear and tear, tarnish etc.
assimilate the methods of cleaning and maintaining
the hard surfaces.
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Housekeeping staff must have an insight into
the types, composition, care and maintenance
of all hard surfaces they are responsible for
cleaning. They must possess a good knowledge
of the chemical agents that can or cannot be
used on these surfaces.
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The types, composition, and cleaning of hard
surfaces such as metals, their alloys, glass,
plastics, ceramics, wood, stone, leather and
rubber. protecting the surfaces by application of
different finishes is discussed in detail. Many
hard surfaces are high in cost and in most cases,
once damaged, they are not easily restored to
their original appearance and function.
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Metals
Glass
Leather
Rexene
Ceramic
Wood
Wall & Wall Coverings
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Methods of Protecting Metals
1. Painting
2. Electroplating
3. Galvanizing
4. Enameling
5. Lacquering
6. Anodizing
7. Tin-plating
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PAINTING
Paint may be applied to steel and wrought iron to
make them look decorative. Paint also prevents
exposure of the metal surface to air containing oxygen
and moisture. Before painting, the metal must be
cleaned to remove surface dust and any traces of rust.
The paint should be applied evenly, in several coats.
Any damage to the paintwork should be repaired
immediately.
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ELECTROPLATING
This is done using the process of electrolysis. In this
process, protective or decorative metals such as
chromium, zinc, tin, silver or gold are deposited on
brass, steel, or copper. It is a very durable finish.
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GALVANIZING
In this process, the base metal—usually steel or iron
—is coated with a layer of zinc to avoid corrosion.
This is not used as a decorative finish. Rather,
galvanizing makes the article more durable. It is a
treatment extensively used for buckets, dustbins, and
sinks.
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ENAMELLING
In this process, molten glass is applied to metal
surfaces such as steel and iron, which later sets to
form a transparent, tough, smooth, and easily cleaned
surface. The enamel may 'craze' (crack on the surface)
on wear, however.
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LACQUERING
In this process, shellac—dissolved in alcohol—is
coated over brass or copper to reduce tarnishing.
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ANODIZING
This is another electrolytic treatment by which
aluminium is protected from corrosion. It also acts as
a decorative finish by enhancing the appearance of
aluminium. Anodized aluminium is now extensively
used for door and window fittings.
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TIN-PLATING
In this process, steel or copper is dipped into molten
tin to render it corrosion resistant.
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PLASTIC-COATING
Plastics can be coated over steel and iron for colour
coding (as in pipes) or for decorative purposes.
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COMMONLY USED METALS AND ALLOYS
• Silver
• Steel
• Copper
• Brass
• Bronze
• Aluminium
• Iron
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Glass is a transparent, lustrous, and brittle material made from
silica or sand. A mixture of pure, fine sand, soda or potash, and
other ingredients is carefully measured out. This is called
“Batch” The batch is fed into a furnace and heated to an
extremely high temperature, above 13000
C, where it fuses into
molten glass. From the furnace, the molten glass is led away for
shaping. After shaping, the glass is cooled by a process called
“annealing”, in which the glass travels on a conveyer belt
through an annealing oven. In the annealing oven, after the
initial re-heating, the glass gradually cools as it passes through.
Glass is used in making doors, windows, furniture, vases,
lighting fixtures, mirrors, partitions, tableware, kitchenware,
and bottles.
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FLOAT GLASS
This type of glass does not require polishing after
annealing. It provides clear, undistorted
transparencies and is used in shop window, mirrors,
and protective covering for furniture.
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FIBER GLASS
Glass can be manufactured as a textile fiber, which
may be used for making curtains and fire blankets.
Fiberglass may also be manufactured as rigid sheets of
plastic or other material with glass filaments
embedded for strength. These sheets can be molded
and are used for sanitary ware, furniture, and wall
panels. Fiberglass is fire-proof, impermeable, and
resistant to damage by pests, sunlight, or air.
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OBSCURED GLASS
This is a type actually derived from sheet or float
glass. It is textured on one side, so that some light
passes through and some is blocked or distorted, so
that the material is not entirely transparent. The
pattern is produced when molten glass is made to
flow from the furnace between embossed rollers.
Obscured glass is used in making bathroom windows
and for screening areas where privacy or diffused light
are desired.
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HOLLOW GLASSWARE
This is produced by blowing, moulding, and pressing
molten glass into the desired shapes. Casts or moulds
of wood or iron are often used for shaping the glass.
The moulds may be patterned, giving an imitation
'cut-glass' effect, which is very even and smooth-
edged, unlike the real thing. Blown glass shapes may
be less regular and call for more skill in the person
using a pipe to literally 'blow' the glass bubble into
shape before it solidifies.
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SAFETY GLASS
this is another kind of glass that is made from sheet
or float glass in various ways.
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OBSCURED GLASS WITH WIRE
Wire is incorporated in obscured glass during the
rolling process. If broken, the glass pieces will be held
in place by the wire until knocked out of the 'frame'
for repair.
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LAMINATED GLASS
This consists of two thin sheets of glass with
transparent plastic sandwiched between them. If a
laminated glass sheet breaks, the glass pieces will
adhere to the plastic layer.
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TOUGHENED GLASS
This is made by heating the glass sheet to a
temperature just below softening point and then
cooling the surface rapidly. As a result, a skin is
formed, which, if the glass breaks, will cause the
pieces to shatter into tiny, harmless fragments that
will be less likely to fall out of its frame as their
weight is easily supported
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TOUGHENED AND LAMINATED GLASS
This safety glass is made by the combination of the
above mentioned two methods of laminating and
toughening, this combination creates a glass five
times tougher than other safety glasses.
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CUT GLASS
This is produced by hand-cutting shaped glass articles using
abrasive copper wheels that rotate at a very high speed. The
'cuts' have a matt surface in the beginning from being ground.
But become highly reflective when polished. Cut glass is
polished by treating the entire article with acid. Hand-cut lead
crystal glass has prismatic grooves that emit rainbow-colored
reflections. This glass is expensive and used for chandeliers,
decanters, vases, and quality table glassware. Glass can also be
decorated by the somewhat similar process of etching. In this
process, the article is coated with a protective wax and a pattern
is cut into the wax with a steel needle. On immersing the article
in an acid bath, the acid eats into the unprotected patterned
areas.
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WOOD - Wood is hard, compact, fibrous, and porous.
Good wood makes for a rich, warm and beautiful
surface. It is an extremely versatile surface material,
with its varied colours and different grain patterns,
and is used throughout hotel establishments. Being a
porous material, wood absorbs water as well as dust.
It is also prone to fungal attacks and pests
infestations.
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CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD - This categorization
is based on the origin as well as the treatment that
wood has undergone before use. Wood is used in
hotels in various forms, listed
Solid Woods
Wood Boards
Woven Stems
Hardwood
Softwood
Hardboard
Blackboard
Plywood
Chipboard
Cork
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SOLID WOODS
Depending on its strength and resilience, it may be
hard or soft wood. Irrespective of the kind of wood, it
is important to keep in mind that all of them are
absorbent and will require different surface-
protection treatments, depending on their use
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HARDWOOD These are obtained from broad-
leaved, deciduous trees. The most popular hardwoods
are teak, oak, ash, beech, birch, walnut, and
rosewood. They are very strong and heavy, and thus
can stand a good amount of wear and tear.
Hardwoods have a more refined grain and shorter
fibers than softwoods. Because of these properties,
hardwoods do not dent or splinter easily and are
preferred in the construction of floors, walls,
furniture, and furnishings. Hardwoods are expensive,
however, and are nowadays more often used as a
veneer on other wood products.a by product of

SOFTWOOD These are obtained from coniferous
trees.. Commonly used -softwoods are pine, fir, cedar,
and rubber wood. Compared to hardwoods,
softwoods are lighter in weight, cheaper, more prone
to wear and tear, indentations, grooves, and
splintering. The colours of softwoods vary with
individual tree species, but in general they are lighter
in colour than most hardwoods. Softwoods do not
have much visual appeal and are therefore in out-of-
view areas as far as possible in most traditional places.
They are also used in the construction of sub-floors,
ceilings, joists, and furniture.
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WOOD BOARDS A variety of wood boards are
available at significantly cheaper rates than solid
wood planks. These are much lighter than solid wood
and most have undergone treatments such as termite-
proofing and waterproofing.
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HARDBOARD This is a type of thin, flexible board
made of compressed and processed wood-pulp fibre.
It is smooth on one side and has a mesh-like texture
on the reverse. Hardboard is used to make door
panels, picture backings, cupboard and wardrobe
backings, bases of drawers, and as a base for floor
tiles.
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PLYWOOD This type of board is manufactured by
gluing together many thin sheets of hardwood, which
are termed plies The bonding is done in such a way
that the grain of each ply is perpendicular to the grain
of the sheets adjacent to it. Plywood is very strong, yet
can be shaped during manufacture. Since it does not
have good visual appeal compared to solid wood,
however, it is often veneered with hardwood or
laminate. Plywood is used to make tables, desks,
shelves, countertops, and cupboards.
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BLACKBOARD
Each blackboard is made up of plywood veneers laid
over a core of wood strips. The inner strips of wood
may be upto 3 cm in thickness, making the board
strong and durable. Blackboard is used for making-
worktops, tabletops, and shelves.
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CHIPBOARD
This type of board is manufactured from compressed
wood chips and synthetic resin. It is strong and heavy.
Like plywood, this too is often veneered or laminated.
Chipboard is used for making closets, cabinets,
drawers, wardrobes, and worktops.
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WOVEN STEMS
Cane and wicker are included in this class. Cane is
derived from the hollow, jointed stems of giant reeds
and grasses (such as bamboo) or the solid stems of
slender palms (such as rattan). Wicker is typically
derived from the shoots (osiers) of willow plants. Both
materials are used in making woven items such as
bread-baskets, flower baskets, mats, trays, stools,
sofas, chairs, tables, and beds. Cane and wicker
products are usually cheaper than solid wood.
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CORK
This is a martial obtained form the outer, light-brown
bark of the cork oak. The bark is ground into large
granules, mixed with synthetic resin, pressed into sheets
at high temperature and pressure, and then cut into tiles
or strips of varying widths. It is possible to achieve colour
variations by the application of different pressures and
temperatures. Cork has a warm and restful appearance. It
also has excellent acoustic properties. The disadvantages
of cork are that it is extremely porous; it easily dents,
burns, and stains; and granules may come loose. Because
of the high porosity of natural cork, it is now marketed
with various types of coatings. The different varieties are
waxed cork, resin-reinforced waxed cork, and vinyl-coated
cork. Cork is used make bathmats (though these are not
typically used in hotels as they can not be cleaned often),
notice boards, floor coverings and wall coverings.a by product of

PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR WOOD
Wood surfaces often require extra protection since
they are mostly porous and absorb moisture. They
also tend to get stained and scratched. The most
common treatments are listed below, followed by a
section onthe maintenance and cleaning
requirements for various types of wood, regardless of
protection.
BEESWAX
This is the comb material secreted by bees. It is
applied to solid wood furniture and floors. To be
effective as a protective finish, several coats of it need
to be applied. It should be allowed to dry and rubbed
in well to get a good gloss.
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VARNISH
This is a clear, pale solution of a resinous substance
such as amber, copal, or shellac dissolved in oil,
turpentine, or alcohol. Either natural or synthetic
resins may be used to make varnish. On drying,
varnish forms a hard and transparent film on the
wood surface. The finish may be glossy or matt.
Varnish is most commonly applied on wooden floors,
furniture, and doors.
LACQUER Shellac or cellulose lacquer is a durable
finish applied to solid wood furniture. The finish may
be glossy or matt. It is damaged by water, heat, and
solvents.
OIL
Tung oil or linseed oil.a by product of

POLYURETHANE FINISH
Polyurethane may be applied as a matt or glossy
finish to wood. Two to three coats are usually needed,
rubbing with fine glass paper before each coat. After
applying polyurethane, the wood should be polished
with beeswax to smooth down the polyurethane
finish. In case of new wood, polyurethane should be
applied after the application of shellac or a cellulose
sealer.
FRENCH POLISH
This is a solution of shellac and methylated spirit. It is
applied on small furniture items made of solid wood.
However, this finish is easily damaged by water, heat,
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PAINT
Essentially, paint is made up of a pigment dissolved
in an organic binder. The function of paint may be to
provide protection or decoration or both. The unique
property of paint is that it also lends colour along
with protection to the wood surface. Paints are
available for various effects, such as glossy, matt, silk,
and pearl. This finish, however, is damaged by
abrasives and heat.
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MAINTENANCE OF WOOD
While all the finishes above render varying degrees of
protection to a wood surface, regular cleaning and
care are still needed to ensure optimum performance
and long life. This includes taking into account
certain maintenance issues with wood, which may
require small repairs. That said, wood remains a very
versatile and fairly resilient surface for its aesthetic
appeal and price.
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CARE AND CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR WOODEN SURFACES
Wood, being porous, deteriorates in contact with an
excess of water. Therefore, the least possible amount
of water should be used for cleaning wood. Always
dry-dust the surface first with an impregnated mop,
or vacuum-clean. Then remove excess soiling by
damp-dusting in case of small articles and light
damp-mopping for larger surfaces. Wooden floor
surfaces need to be buffed with a floor polisher two
times a week. Spills and stains should be removed
immediately from wood surfaces so that they are not
absorbed into the surface.
Cork should only be dusted or vacuumed daily.
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Ceramics are made from sand and clay. Different
proportions and types of clay are mixed with
other ingredients to produce various kinds of
ceramics.
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After mixing the ingredients and shaping, the clay is fired
at a high temperature to render it hard. The article is then
glazed and fired for a second time. If a glaze or sealer is
not applied, these articles remain highly porous. Ceramics
are used for making sanitary fittings, drain pipes, vases,
floor tiles, wall tiles and finishes, cooking utensils, and
crockery. Ceramics should be handled with care since they
are prone to cracking and chipping. Ceramic plates used in
hotels usually have rolled edges to avoid the problem of
chipping at the rim. Sanities handles (where the entire
article, with its handle, is molded together as one piece
rather than being attached just before firing, which can
result in cracks) are preferred for jugs and cups in hotels
since these are not as easily broken.
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Various types of ceramics
Ceramics
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bone China
Glazed Earthenware
Vitrified Earthenware
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COMMON TYPES OF CERAMICS
there can be quite a lot of variation in the ceramic's
final qualities, depending on the proportion of
ingredients and the manufacturing process.
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EARTHENWARE
This thick, heavy, and highly porous material is
moulded out of clay and baked. It is used in making
jugs, bowls, vases, and ashtrays. Earthenware should
be handled with care, as it chips and breaks easily.
This type of ceramic may also be glazed or vitrified.
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GLAZED EARTHENWARE
These contain a large amount of fine white clay called
ball clay this makes them thick and opaque. A glaze is
applied on the surface as this clay structure is highly
porous.
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VITRIFIED EARTHENWARE
This is also known as vitreous china. It is very hard and
heavy because of its higher flint content. Compound
to other earthenware, this is fired at a higher
temperature, so that consistent and complete fusion
taken place. Vitrified articles are thus stronger,
heavier, less easily chipped, and more expensive than
other kinds of earthenware.
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TERRACOTTA
Made From fine clay baked, this, type of earthenware is
usually left unglazed. Terracotta articles are naturally
brownish red in colour. The material is used for
pottery, ashtrays, vases, and ornamental building
materials.
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STONEWARE
This is similar to earthenware but has, a higher stone
content. It is also fired at a higher temperature than
earthenware, resulting in a stronger material. Since
the material is impervious, glazing is not required.
Many stoneware articles are flame and oven-proof.
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PORCELAIN
This is made From kaolin (china clay and china stone
or feldspar. Unlike bone china, however, it does not
contain calcinated bone. Porcelain has a translucent
body and a transparent glaze. It is all extremely hard
and strong ceramic. Since it is extremely expensive, it
is not in much use in hotel establishments. Porcelain
can, however, be used to make cups, saucers, and
other types of crockery.
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BONE CHINA
This is different from porcelain in that it contains
bone ash. It also has less Feldspar and more china clay
than porcelain. The addition of bone makes the clay
easier to work and gives it strength. Bone china is
fired at very high temperatures, winking it very thin
but strong and impervious because of the complete
fusion that takes place. Harsh abrasives should he
avoided as designs are often applied to the Outer
surface of this material. Bone china is used to make
fine cups, saucers, and other types of crockery.
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CLEANING PROCEDURES OF
CERAMICS
Ceramics should be handled with care during cleaning
since they are easily cracked and chipped. Extremely
hot or too cold water should be avoided. A warm,
neutral synthetic detergent solution should be used
for cleaning ceramics. The articles must be rinsed
thoroughly rind dried with a lint-free duster. Status
may be removed by rubbing with it damp cloth to
which sodium bicarbonate has been applied.
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Leather is made from the skins of various animals—including
sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle—by tanning or a similar process.
It is one of the most durable and versatile of all natural
materials.
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The skins are treated in various ways to give different
varieties of leather, ranging from the soft, flexible types
such as suede and kid to the tougher types such as hide
and sturdy varieties of pigskin (see Table 8.6). Leather can
be dyed in a variety of colours and is used for belts, shoes,
gloves, purses, wallets, luggage, upholstery, desk tops, and
book bindings. Leather is expensive and should be kept
supple to prevent cracking. Leather also picks up oil and
grease readily. General cleaning of leather involves daily
dusting or suction cleaning. In case of soiling, wipe the
leather with a soft cloth wrung out of warm water and
mild synthetic detergent. Follow with a damp-dusting
with clean water and then dry thoroughly. Occasionally
leather may be polished with a good furniture polish
cream to keep it supple. Solvents should not be used on
leather as they will stiffen it.
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Wall coverings are decorative as well as functional. The
primary consideration for wall coverings though should
be their functional quality, durability, and ease of
maintenance.
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FLOOR COVERINGS/FINISHES
Floor finishes
Hard floor finishes
Semi-hard floor
finishes
Soft floor finishes
Non resilient Resilient
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Selection of floor coverings should be on the basis of
Appearance, Comfort, Durability, Life expectancy, Safety,
Ease of cleaning & Cost
A maintenance program is a must for carpets since they get easily
soiled or damaged. Good maintenance can increase the life of
the carpet considerably. Most new carpets shed fluff for the
first few weeks. During this period, they should be only lightly
cleaned with a hand brush or carpet sweeper. After the first
month, clean with a vacuum cleaner at least once a week,
always making the last stroke in the direction of the pile so that
it lies flat.
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Thanks for listening –Sumit Manwalwww.sumitmanwal.blogspot.com
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composition-care-cleaning-different-surfaces

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