I think it will HELPFUL for you all

2. PRESENTED BY:- SUMIT ACHARYA
ROLL NO :-180804130073
GUIDED BY :-DR. PUSARLA SUSMITHA

4. • India needsaround7000tonnesof seedsannually.
• India is the secondlargestproducerof onion
• Highestforeignexchangeearneramong thefruitsand vegetables.
ONION:-
Family :- Amaryllidaceae
• Onion(Alliumcepa L.) is a major bulbouscropamongthe cultivatedvegetable cropsand it
is of globalimportance.

5. ORIGINOF ONION
• Onions have beenvariouslydescribedas havingoriginatedin Iran,westernIndian subcontinent and Central Asia
• Primarycenterof origin:The regionof Iranand Pakistan
• Secondarycenter of origin:The near eastAsiaticand Mediterranean regions

6. Floral morphology
• Inflorescence of onion
is called cume.
• Each individual flower
is made up of six
stamens, three carples,
united with one pistil
and six perianth
segments.
• The pistil contains
three locules, each
containing two ovules.

7. • Anthesis occurs in early morning (6-7 hrs).
Anther dehiscence is between 7.00 and 17.00
hr and on next day also with peak between
9.30 and 17.00 hr.
• Pollen fertility is highest on the days of
anthesis. The duration of anthesis is
approximately 4 weeks on individual umbel.
ANTHESIS

8. • Onion is cross-
pollinated in nature and
bees, flies and other
insects do pollination.
• It is essential to ensure
that there is sufficient
population of pollinating
insects to achieve the full
potential of onion seed.
POLLINATION

9. METHODS OF SEED
PRODUCTION

10. METHODS OF SEED PRODUCTION
There are two methods of seed production:-
1. Seed to seed method
2. Bulbs to seed method
Both the methods are in use in onion seed production.But
bulb to seed method is most commonly used method of seed
production.

11. SEED TO SEED METHOD
• In this method seedlings are transplanted in
first week of October and allow over-wintering
at the same place and allowing bolting
(flowering).
• The seed are threshed from the mature umbel.
• This method does not allow to examine the
mature bulb characters and field is rogued for
off-types.
• Seed to seed method is not popular, since all
the variety are not suitable for annual seed
production due to poor bolting habit and lower
seed yield.
• The seed produced in this method is not
suitable for further multiplication.
• The seeds produced from this method purity
low genetic purity, But advantage here is low
cost of seed production compared to bulb to
seed method.

12. BULB TO SEED METHOD
Here in first season bulbs are produced, which after maturity are harvested and
bulbs which are true to type are sorted and stored.
The rabi and late kharif varities are stored for next season and kharif varities are
given rest for 15-30 days.
The stored bulbs are planted in the next season to produce seeds.
Top 1/3 portion of the bulb is cut to examine the number of axis of growing
center preferably single centered and medium to large sized bulbs should be
chosen and soaked in Ig/litre bavistin & corbosulphon 1m/litre.

13. This method is widely practised it allows us to examine the bulb
characteristics and rouging of undesirable bulbs hence genetic
purity is high in this method of seed production
One hectare of bulbs from the first year will plant 3-5 ha for the
seed production
The bulbs selected for seed production and usually referred to
as mothers bulbs. 4-6 cm size bulbs are selected for getting
good crop (Pandey 1996).

14. PEST AND DISEASES
• There are several important pests that attack onions and garlic, like
nematodes, stem and bulb eelworm, thirps and onion fly or maggot.
• Onions are also very prone to foliar diseases and bulb rots, such as slimy
or “sour’ outer scales, a bacterial disease that significantly reduces onion
bulb quality
• Fungal diseases such as neck rot, mildew, rust and leaf rot, are frequent
too

16. SEED STANDARDS

19. I.Hand emasculation and pollination:-
Flowers are very small, androgynous, very few seeds/ cross. It is
time and labour combursum, so, it is not economical. Not
followed also.
II. Use of Male sterile lines:-
a) CMS :commonly used
b) CGMS: also used but high cost of production.

20. USE OF MALE STERILE LINES
In onion the use of male-sterile lines is common to produce seeds
of F1 hybrids.
The male sterility in onion is due to the interaction of
cytoplasm and nuclear gene The nuclear gene is single recessive
msms while its dominant allele MsMs is for male fertility.

21. PARENTAL LINES:-
Three parental lines, namely A, B and C, are used for hybrid seed
production.
The line A, known as the female parent, is male sterile having the genetic
constitution Smsms, which produces hybrid seeds,
The line B with the geno-type Nmsms is the male-fertile counterpart for
the maintenance of male sterility of line A
The line C is the fertile pollen parent or inbred which is genetically diverse
from the lines A and B.

22. PROCEDURE:-
The hybrid seed is produced in the open in an isolated field.
The bulbs of A (male sterile) and C (pollen parent) lines are
planted alternately in a ratio of 4 rows of the A line to 1 row of
the C line.
Sometimes 8 rows of the A line are alternated with 2 rows of
the C line.
The flowering in the lines A and C must synchronize. If it does
not, it can be accomplished by adjusting planting dates of the
lines A and C. Daily rogueing of pollen bearing plants and
other off-types in the line A in the morning before the anthers
dehisce is essential
When the seed of the line C is not to be saved its flower stalks
may be cut and destroyed as soon as the pollination is
completed.

24. THANK YOU