Leptospira

1. WELCOME

2.  Leptospirosis: A direct anthropo-zoonotic infection of worldwide significance caused by
spirochaete Leptospira interrogans, which has 23 serogroups and >250 serovars (Adler &
Moctezuma, 2010).
 The incidence is significantly higher in warm-climate countries than in temperate regions
(Patil et al., 1996).
 Optimal conditions for survival are - warm and wet environment, with neutral or slightly
alkaline water.
 There are more than 5, 00,000 human cases of leptospirosis are reported worldwide
each year with case fatality rate up to 25% (Guernier et al., 2018).
 Factors influencing incidence and prevalence of the disease.
The animal activity and reservoir abundance
Suitability of the environment for the survival
Behavioural and occupational habits of human beings.
(Levitt, 2001)
INTRODUCTION

3. Rattus rattus Mus musculus Rattus norvegicus
Dogs Domestic animals
Wild animals

4. Risk Groups
Vijayachari et al.,
2008

6. WHO,2006

7. Guernier et al., 2018

8. Barragan et al., 2016

9. Year Place (State)
1992 (48 cases) Madras followed a monsoon.
1993 (18 cases) North Andaman
1997(1,127 confirmed cases) Chennai – TN
Serovar - Icterohaemorrhagiae 40.2%,
serovar - canicola 20.0%
Serovar - automnalis 14.9%
1999 (143 suspect cases, 28 confirmed
cases, 11 fatal)
Orissa followed a cyclone
(pomona, hebdomadis and canicola)
2000 Mumbai followed local flooding

10. Year Place (state)
2002 (16 fatal cases) South Gujarat.
2003 (27 fatal cases and 177 under
treatment)
involved 131 villages in South Gujarat.
2004 (550 cases, 75 fatal) South Gujarat.
2005 (49 cases) Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh was
caused by contact with stagnant water.
2005(100 or more fatal cases) Mumbai following local flooding.
2006(150 cases, 60 fatal) Maharashtra
2007 (1,516 cases) Karnataka State
Vijayachari et al., 2008

11. ❖High prevalence of leptospires among domestic and pet animals and
exposure of rural peoples to peridomestic livestocks implies that they
may potential reservoir for human leptospira (Barragan et al., 2016)
❖ Though seroprevalence studies are foundation study to detect
the serovar in Leptospira and can give an idea about zoonosis but
in order to establish the perfect Zoonosis transmission cycle
isolation, identification and molecular typing of organism should
be done.
Challenges
Transmission
dynamics ??
Gaps

12. s
(Srivastava and Kumar,2003)

13. ANIMALS /HUMAN PLACE SEROVARS AUTHORS
Cattle (87%), rat (51%)
and human(76.5%)
Cauvery delta valley, Canicola, Bataviae,
Autumnalis, Australis,
Canicola,Grippotyphosa,
Icterohaemorrhagiae ,
Javanica, Pomona.
Natarajaseeniv
asan et al.,
2010
Domestic animals(54%),
Rodent(37%)
Tamil Nadu Australis, Autumnalis Koteeswaran,
2006
Animal handlers
( 37.5%)
Andaman Grippotyphosa Sugunan et al.,
2009
Hospital sanitary workers,
56.02%, Fisherman
workers, 52.8%,
construction workers,
40%, agriculture workers,
30%, sewage workers,
28.2%, veterinarians,
13.3%
Kerala Pomona, Shermani,
Canicola, Bataviae,
Autumnalis, Australis,
Tarassovi, Hardjo,
Hebdomadis
Icterohaemorrhagiae ,
Javanica, Ballum,
Cyanopteri,
Swapna et al.,
2006

14. ANIMALS /HUMAN PLACE SPECIES /SEROVARS AUTHORS
rats (3.0%) cows
(35.8%), pigs (21.1%) febrile
patients (14.7%)
Rural Ecuador L. borgpetersenii, L
kirschnerii, L santarosai, L.
interrogans, L noguchii, and an
intermediate species within the
L. licerasiae and L. wolffii
Barrgan et al.,,
2016
Cattle, pig, dog, water, human Thailand Leptospira weilii, L. interrogans Kurilung et al.,
2017

15. – Adler, B., and De la Peña Moctezuma, A. (2010). Review of Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol, 140, 287–296.
– Djadid, N.D., Ganji, Z.F., Gouya, M.M., Rezvani, M., and Zakeri, S. (2009). A simple and rapid nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment
length polymorphism technique for differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira spp. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, 63, 251–256.
– Guernier, V., Goarant, C., Benschop, J., and Lau, C. (2018). A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen
and reservoir diversity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis, 12, e0006503.
– Koteeswaran, A. (2006) Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in S. and Srivastava, S. K. (2007) Cloning and sequenceman and animals in Tamil Nadu, Indian J.
Med. Microbiol, 24, 329-331.
– Natarajaseenivasan, K., Vedhagiri, K., Sivabalan, V., Prabagaran, S.G., Sukumar, S., et al. (2011). Seroprevalence of
Leptospiraborgpeterseniiserovarjavanica infection among dairy cattle, rats and humans in the Cauvery river valley of southern India. Southeast Asian J.
Trop. Med. Public Health, 42(3), 679-686.
– Patil, D., Dahake, R., Roy, S., Mukherjee, S., Chowdhary, A. and Deshmukh, R. (2014). Prevalence of leptospirosis among dogs and rodents and their
possible role in human leptospirosis from Mumbai, India. Indian J. Med. Microbiol, 32: 64-67.
– Srivastava, S.K., and Kumar, A.A. (2003). Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals and human beings in various region of the country. Indian J. Comp.
Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis, 24, 155-159.
– Sugunan, A.P., Vijayachari, P., Sharma, S., Roy, S., Manickam, P., et al. (2009). Risk factors associated with leptospirosis during an outbreak in Middle
Andaman, India. Indian J. Med. Res, 130, 67-73
– Vijayachari, P., Sugunan, A.P., Shriram, A.N. (2008). Leptospirosis: an emerging global public health problem. J. Biosci, 33(4), 557–69
– World Health Organization (2006). Report of the Brainstorming Meeting on Leptospirosis Prevention and Control, Mumbai, 16-17, February 2006, World
Health Organization India and Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in
Leptospirosis.
– Zakeri, S., Sepahian, N., Afsharpad, M., Esfandiari, B., Ziapour, P., Djadid, N.D. (2010). Molecular epidemiology of leptospirosis in northern Iran by nested
polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 82, 899–903.
– Kurilung A, Chanchaithong P, Lugsomya K, Niyomtham W, Wuthiekanun V, Prapasarakul N. 2017.Molecular detection and isolation of
pathogenic Leptospira from asymptomatic humans, domestic animals and water sources in Nan Province, a rural area of Thailand. Res Vet Sci 115:146–
154. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.017.
– Navegantes de Araújo W, Finkmoore B, Ribeiro GS, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Leptospirosis among urban slum residents in
Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):359-63.
– Barragan V, Chiriboga J, Miller E, Olivas S, Birdsell D, Hepp C, et al. (2016) High Leptospira Diversity in Animals and Humans Complicates the Search for
Common Reservoirs of Human Disease in Rural Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(9): e0004990. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004990
– Swapna RN, Tuteja U, Nair L, Sudarsana J. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in high risk groups in Calicut, North Kerala, India. Indian J Med Microbiol
2006;24:349-5
REFERENCES