THIS PRESENTATION CONSISTS OF NECESSITY ,TYPE OF CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS,AND SELECTION OF TYPE OF CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

1. DONE BY,
SUFIYAN AHMED JEDDY
150011601105
CIVIL-C
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2.  In an irrigation project, the network of main
canals, branch canals, distributaries, etc. are
provided.
 These canals may have to cross the natural
drainages like rivers, streams, etc. at different
points within the command area of the project.
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3.  The crossing of the canals with such obstacle
cannot be avoided.
 So, suitable structures must be constructed at
the crossing point for the easy flow of water of
the canal and drainage in the respective
directions.
 These structures are known as cross-drainage
works.
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4.  The water-shed canals do not cross natural
drainage.
 But in actual orientation of the canal network,
this ideal condition may not be available and the
obstacles like natural drainages may be present
across the canal.
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5.  So, for the smooth running of the canal with its
design discharge the cross drainage works are
required.
 The site condition of the crossing point may be
such that without any suitable structure, the
water of the canal and drainage can not be
diverted to their natural directions.
 So, the cross drainage works must be provided
to maintain their natural direction of flow.
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6. Type I (Irrigation canal passes over the
drainage) [HFL < FSL]
(a) Aqueduct
(b) Siphon aqueduct
Type II (Drainage passes over the irrigation
canal)
(a) Super passage
(b) Siphon super passage
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7. Type III (Drainage and canal intersection each
other of the same level) (HFL = FSL)
(a) Level Crossing
(b) Inlet and outlet
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8.  In an aqueduct, the canal bed level is above the
drainage bed level so canal is to be constructed
above drainage.
 A canal trough is to be constructed in which
canal water flows from upstream to downstream.
 This canal trough is to be rested on number of
piers. The drained water flows through these
piers upstream to downstream.
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9.  The aqueduct is just like a bridge where a canal
is taken over the deck supported by piers instead
of a road or railway.
 A free board of about 0.50 m should be provided.
 The height and section of piers are designed
according to the highest flood level
 The piers may be of brick masonry, stone
masonry or reinforced cement concrete.
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10.  The canal water level is referred as full supply
level (FSL) and drainage water level is referred
as high flood level (HFL).
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11.  The siphon aqueduct, the bed of the drainage is
depressed below the bottom level of the canal
trough by providing sloping apron on both sides
of the crossing.
 The section of the drainage below the canal
trough is constructed with cement concrete in the
form of tunnel. This tunnel acts as a siphon.
 Cut off walls are provided on both sides of the
apron to prevent scouring
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12.  The other components like canal trough, piers,
inspection road, etc. should be designed
according to the methods adopted in case of
aqueduct.
 Syphonic aqueducts are more often constructed
and better preferred than simple Aqueduct,
though costlier
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14.  The super passage is just opposite of the
aqueduct. In this case, It carries drainage above
canal as the canal bed level is below drainage
bed level.
 The drainage trough is to be constructed at road
level and drainage water flows through this from
upstream to downstream and the canal water
flows through the piers which are constructed
below this drainage trough as supports.
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15.  The section of the drainage trough depends on
the high flood discharge
 A free board of about 1.5 m should be provided
for safety
 The bed and banks of the canal below the
drainage trough should be protected by boulder
pitching or lining with concrete slabs
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17.  In a siphon super passage, drainage is carried
over canal similar to a super passage but the full
supply level of canal is above than the drainage
trough.
 so the canal water flows under siphonic action
and there is no presence of atmospheric
pressure in canal.
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18.  When compared, super passage is more often
preferred than canal Siphon because in a canal
Siphon, big disadvantage is that the canal water
is under drainage trough so any defective
minerals or sediment deposited cannot be
removed with ease like in the case of a Siphon
Aqueduct
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20.  When the bed level of canal is equal to the
drainage bed level, then level crossing is to be
constructed.
 This consists of following steps:
 Construction of weir to stop drainage water
behind it
 Construction of canal regulator across a canal
 Construction of head regulator across a
Drainage
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21. Crest Wall: It is provided across the
drainage just at the upstream side of the
crossing point. The top level of the crest wall is
kept at the full supply level of the canal
Drainage Regulator: It is provided across
the drainage just at the downstream side of the
crossing point. The regulator consists of
adjustable shutters at different tiers.
Canal Regulator: It is provided across the
canal just at the downstream side of the
crossing point. This regulator also consists of
adjustable shutters at different tiers
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23.  In the crossing of small drainage with small
channel no hydraulic structure is constructed.
Simple openings are provided for the flow of
water in their respective directions. This
arrangement is known as inlet and outlet.
 In this system, an inlet is provided in the channel
bank simply by open cut and the drainage water
is allowed to join the channel.
 At the points of inlet and outlet, the bed and
banks of the drainage are protected by stone
pitching.
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25.  Relative bed levels :
According to the relative bed levels of the canal
and the river or drainage, the type of cross
drainage work are generally selected which has
been discussed earlier. But some problems may
come at the crossing point.
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26. The following points should be remembered
while recommending the type of work:
 The crossing should be at right angle to each
other
 Well defined cross-section of the river or
drainage
 At the crossing point the drainage should be
straight for a considerable length.
 The width of the drainage should be narrow
as far as possible. Considering the above
points The C/s can be shifted to the
downstream or upstream
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27.  Availability of Suitable Foundation:
For the construction of cross drainage works
suitable foundation is required. By boring test, if
suitable foundation is not available, then the type
of cross drainage work should be selected to site
Condition,
 Economic Consideration:
The cost of construction of cross drainage works
should be justified with respect to the project cost
and overall benefits of the project. So, the type of
works should be selected considering the
economical point of view.
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28.  Discharge of the drainage:
Practically the discharge of the drainage is very
uncertain in rainy season. So, the structure should
be carefully selected so that it may not be
destroyed due to unexpected heavy discharge of
the river or drainage.
 Construction of Problems:
Different types of constructional problems may
arise at the site such as sub soil water,
construction materials, communication, availability
of land etc. So the type of works should be
selected according to the site condition.
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29. THANK YOU !!!!
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