2. BASIC
With a long history in the field of computer science, BASIC
(Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming has been used to simplify communication
between the programer and the computer. It was developed
in 1963 as a teaching language at Dartmouth by John G.
Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz and has since been widely
imitated and altered.
3. Problem solving
BASIC programming was originally designed as a programming
language used to teach people how to program, which makes it the
perfect starting point for computer science education. Once the
fundamentals mastered, expanding into Visual Basic
programming (developed by Microsoft), one of the most widely used
programming systems in the history of computer software can be
made easy.
Computational thinking is the ability to logically communicate one’s
thoughts in a structured manner. This type of thought process trains
problem solving skills that are replicated later in life, much like the
memory of a computer.
4. Computer literacy
Computer literacy would be an essential skill in the
upcoming years, and designed the language to be as
accessible and understandable as possible. BASIC has
dramatically influenced the computer science field, raising
the need for coding knowledge in pretty much every area of
our modern lives.
Programming is an international language, with various
computer codes being implemented around the world in
relation to a variety of applications and companies.
5. BASIC programming
BASIC originally used numbers at the beginning of each instruction
(or line) to tell the computer what order to process the instructions.
Lines would be numbered as 10, 20, 30, etc., which would allow
additional instructions to be placed between commands later on if
needed. "GOTO" statements enabled programs to loop back to
earlier instructions during execution. For example, line 230 of a
BASIC program may have an "if" clause that tells the computer to
jump back to line 50 if a variable is less than 10. This instruction
might look something like this:
230 IF (N < 10) THEN GOTO 50
6. R language
R is a system for statistical analyses and graphics created by Ross
Ihaka and Robert Gentleman. R is both a software and a language
considered as a dialect of the S language created by the AT&T Bell
Laboratory.
R is freely distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public
Licence, its development and distribution are carried out by several
statisticians known as the R Development Core Teams.
7. R
R possesses an extensive catalog of statistical and graphical methods.
It includes machine learning algorithms, linear regression, time
series, statistical inference to name a few. Most of the R libraries are
written in R, but for heavy computational tasks, C, C++ and Fortran
codes are preferred.
R is not only entrusted by academic, but many large companies also
use R programming language, including Uber, Google, Airbnb,
Facebook and so on.
8. What is R
It is a free and open-source programming language issued under GNU (General Public License).
It has cross-platform interoperability which means that it has distributions running on Windows,
Linux, and Mac. R code can easily be ported from one platform to another.
It uses an interpreter instead of a compiler, which makes the development of code easier.
It effectively associates different databases, and it does well in bringing in information from
Microsoft Excel, as well as, Microsoft Access, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, etc.
It is a flexible language that bridges the gap between Software Development and Data Analysis.
It provides a wide variety of packages with the diversity of codes, functions, and features
tailored for data analysis, statistical modeling, visualization, Machine Learning, and importing
and manipulating data.
It integrates various powerful tools to communicate reports in different forms like CSV, XML,
HTML, and pdf, and also through interactive websites, with the help of R packages.
9. Data Analysis in R
Import: The first step is to import data into the R environment. It means
that the users take the data stored in files, databases, HTML tables, etc.,
and load it into an R data frame to perform data analysis on it.
Transform: In this step, first, user need to make the data tidy by making
each column a variable, and each row an observation. Once data is made
tidy, and it can be narrow down on it to find observations of users
interest, create new variables that are functions of existing variables, and
find summary statistics of the observations.
10. Understanding R program
Program: R is a clear and accessible programming tool
Transform: R is made up of a collection of libraries designed
specifically for data science
Discover: Investigate the data, refine one’s hypothesis and analyze
them
Model: R provides a wide array of tools to capture the right model
for users data
Communication: Integrate codes, graphs, and outputs to a report
with R Markdown or build Shiny apps to share with the world
11. R combinations
R is available in several forms: the sources (written mainly in C
and some routines in Fortran), essentially for Unix and Linux
machines, or some pre-compiled binaries for Windows, Linux, and
Macintosh.
The R language allows the user, for instance, to program loops to
successively analyse several data sets. It is also possible to
combine in a single program different statistical functions to
perform more complex analyses.
R users may benefit from a large number of programs written for S
and available on the internet , most of these programs can be used
directly with R.
12. R and other programs
R is an interpreted language, not a compiled one, meaning that all
commands typed on the key- board are directly executed without
requiring to build a complete program like in most computer
languages (C, Fortran, Pascal, . . . ).
13. R and others
Data science is shaping the way companies run their businesses.
Without a doubt, staying away from Artificial Intelligence and
Machine will lead the company to fail. They are plenty of tools
available in the market to perform data analysis.
14. R Studio
RStudio is a free and open-source IDE (integrated development
environment) for programming in R. It makes it easier to write scripts,
interact with objects in the R environment, access files, and make graphics
more accessible to a casual user. It is available in two versions:
RStudio Desktop edition, where a program runs locally as a regular desktop
application.
RStudio Server edition, which allows a user to access RStudio using a web
browser while it runs on a remote server.
Prepackaged distributions of RStudio Desktop are available
for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
17. UNIX
The UNIX OS was born in the late 1960s. AT&T Bell Labs released an
operating system called Unix written in C, which allows quicker
modification, acceptance, and portability.
It began as a one-man project under the leadership of Ken
Thompson of Bell Labs. It went on to become most widely used
operating systems. Unix is a proprietary operating system.
The Unix OS works on CLI (Command Line Interface), but recently,
there have been developments for GUI on Unix systems. Unix is an
OS which is popular in companies, universities big enterprises, etc.
18. Basic Commands
Commands, not mouse click
The Unix Shell differs from most other operating systems in that it has no graphical user interface. Instead, it has
what we call a command line, i.e. the cursor is waiting for you to enter a command. Right after you have logged
into your home directory you are in your home directory. To the left of the cursor there is a short text which tells
you which directory you are in right now.
Commands must be written in a certain way. A unix command has two mandatory parts: The command must
start with the name of a program, and it is completed when you press the ENTER key.
Simple command:
◦ Write date and press ENTER.
◦ In response, you should get the current date and time.
Another command:
◦ Write cal and press ENTER.
◦ The answer should be a small calendar.
19. Features of Unix OS
Multi-user, multitasking operating system
It can be used as the master control program in workstations and
servers.
Hundreds of commercial applications are available
In its heydays, UNIX was rapidly adopted and became the standard
OS in universities.
20. Limitations of Unix
The unfriendly, terse, inconsistent, and non-mnemonic user interface
Unix OS is designed for a slow computer system, so you can't expect
fast performance.
Shell interface can be treacherous because typing mistake can
destroy files.
Versions on various machines are slightly different, so it lacks
consistency.
Unix does not provide any assured hardware interrupt response
time, so it does not support real time response time systems.
21. Linux
Linux is an operating system built by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki
in 1991. The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel. It is the software on a
computer which enables applications and the users to access the devices on the
computer to perform some specific function.
The Linux OS relays instructions from an application from the computer's
processor and sends the results back to the application via the Linux OS. It can
be installed on a different type of computers mobile phones, tablets video game
consoles, etc.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and
open source software collaboration. Today many companies and similar
numbers of individuals have released their own version of OS based on the Linux
Kernel.
22. Features of Linux
Support multitasking
Programs consist of one or more processes, and each process have
one or more threads
It can easily co-exists along with other Operating systems.
It can run multiple user programs
Individual accounts are protected because of appropriate
authorization
Linux is a replica of UNIX but does not use its code.
23. Limitations of Linux
There's no standard edition of Linux
Linux has patchier support for drivers which may result in
misfunctioning of the entire system.
Linux is, for new users at least, not as easy to use as Windows.
Many of the programs we are using for Windows will only run on
Linux only with the help of a complicated emulator. For example.
Microsoft Office.
Linux is best suitable for a corporate user. It's much harder to
introduce in a home setting.
