Details of IWRM tool, Water Resource Assessment Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNxYrLTNVDc

1. Water Resource Assessment
KISHOR KUMAR BHANDARI(07)
MANOJ NEUPANE(08)
SUBHASH CHHETRI(17)
MSC STUDENT
INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
NAMASTE and WELCOME1

2. Water resources assessment (WRA) is the
process of measuring, collecting and
analyzing relevant parameters on the
quantity and quality of water resources for
the purposes of a better development and
management of water resources.
(HUBERT n.y.)
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3. Why Water Resource Assessment??
• World’s expanding population place an increasing demand of water on
drinking, food production, sanitation and other basic social and economic
needs.
But…. World’s water resources is finite
• Human activities is leading to Depletion of resources and Pollution is
increasing at alarming rate
• Water related natural hazards are most destructive to human life and
property.
• Climate change, global warming…… 3

4. Why Water Resource Assessment??
4

5. 5
Why Water Resource Assessment??

6. ASPECT OF WRA
1.
• WATER RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
2.
• MANAGEMENT
3.
• PLANNING
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7. WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
• Water resource assessment is a systematic study of the status of
water services and resources, and of trends in accessibility and
demand within a specific domain of interest.
• Applicable at any relevant level, e.g. village, sub-catchment or
municipality
• Known under various different names, such as water accounting and
water resource audits
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8. WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
WRAs can help to clarify:
• Current status of water resources at different scales, including inter-and intra-
annual variability
• Current water use (including variability), and the resulting societal and
environmental trade-offs
• Scale related externalities, especially when patterns of water use are considered
over a range of temporal and spatial scales
• Social and institutional factors affecting access to water and their reliability
• Opportunities for saving or making more productive, efficient and/or equitable
use of water;
• Efficacy and transparency of existing water-related policies decision-making
processes
• Conflicts between existing information sets, and the overall accuracy of
government (and other) statistics
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9. COMPONENTS OF WRA
Source: UNESCO and WMO (1997)
• Collection of hydrological data - the collection of historical data on water cycle
components at a number of points distributed over the assessment area such as quantity
and quality of surface and groundwater.
• Collection of physiographic data - obtaining data on the natural characteristics of the
terrain that determine the areal and time variations of the water cycle components, such
as topography, soils, surface and bed rock geology, land-use and land-cover. These
characteristics are designated for brevity as physiographic characteristics.
• Collection of data from basic and applied research - further research related to water
resources can be essential especially when some data is missing or the available date is
out of date. Furthermore, research may be needed in order to develop the required
technology used for the water resources assessment.
• Education and training – All the basic water resources assessment activities require
skilled manpower and this in turn require training and education of the manpower need.
• Techniques of areal assessment of water resources - techniques of transforming data
into information and of relating the hydrological data to the physiographic data for the
purpose of obtaining information on the water-resource characteristics at any point of
the assessment area.
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10. Illustration of main components
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Collection of hydrological
data
(e.g. in data banks)
(water cycle components,
including quantity and
quality of surface and
groundwater, station
information)
Collection of
physiographic data
(e.g. in a GIS)
(topographic, soils,
geology, political borders,
catchment borders, land
use, river network)
Education
and training
Basic and
applied
research
Techniques of
areal
assessment of
water
resources
(regionalisation
techniques)
Water
resources
information
(publications,
maps, etc.)
Users
(planning for
water resources
facilities)
Components of a water resources
assessment (WRA) program.
Source: UNESCO and WMO (1997)

11. Content Example for a Water Resources Assessment
(Adapted from US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 1999)
• The following list is an example how the content of a water resources
assessment could look like for your project area:
•
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Country Profile
• Geography
• Population and social impacts
• Economy
• Flood control
• Legislative framework
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12. Content Example for a Water Resources Assessment
(Adapted from US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 1999)
• 3. Current Uses of Water Resources
• A .Water supply
• Domestic uses and needs
• Industrial/commercial uses and needs
• Agricultural uses and needs
• Hydropower
• Stream gauge network
• Waterway transportation
• 4. Surface Water Resources
• Precipitation and climate
• Rivers and basins
• Lakes and swamps
• Deforestation effects
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13. Content Example for a Water Resources Assessment
(Adapted from US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 1999)
• 5. Ground Water Resources
• Aquifer definition and characteristics
• Hydrogeology
• 6. Water Quality
• Surface water
• Ground water
• Domestic waste disposal
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14. Application of WRA
A case study of Guatemala city (investigation done by US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEER IN 1999 )
Statement of the problem:
Guatemala has abundant water resource(+ rainfall) but:
 No proper management to develop and maintain the w/s system
 Uneven distribution of population(high density) in water deficit area
 No public waste water treatment facilities
 River are used for sewage disposal( no comprehensive water law)
 Highest child mortality rate (in central American countries) due to water
contamination
 Surface water is not usable for w/s
 Surface water has decreased to 60-70% due to deforestation and increased
population
 Shallow aquifer are contaminated
 Hydrological data is lacking
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15. Report
A case study of Guatemala city (investigation done by US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEER IN 1999 )
A. Introduction
 Importance of water
 Major issue: quantity and quality
 Factor affecting water
 Purpose of assessment
B. Country profile
1. Geography
• 108,890 sq. km of territory
• S.E. of Mexico and N.W. And west of other
• Terrain is mainly mountainous with narrow costa
plains and rolling limestone plateaus
• Susceptible to volcanic eruption(with earthquakes)
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16. Report
A case study of Guatemala city (investigation done by US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEER IN 1999
2. POPULATION AND SOCIAL IMPACT
• Present population (10,322,000 in year 1994 with increasing rate of 2.9)
• Forecasted population (16 million by 2010.)
• Which region is densely populated
• Poverty (About 55 percent of the total population live in extreme poverty)
• Population according to age (By the year 2000, it is estimated that 65 percent
of the population will be under the age of 25)
• Population with respect to area(average population density of the country is
94.8 people per square kilometer)
3. ECONOMY
• GDP (mostly agriculture dominant(coffee, sugar, bananas), 50-60% labor
force )
• Industry (20% GDP, 15% of labor force) 16

17. Report
A case study of Guatemala city (investigation done by US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEER IN 1999
4. Flood control
• Agency responsible for conducting R&D in flood control (in Guatemala
INSIVUMEH)
• Affect of flood if any (flood and hurricane in 1998, loss by banana companies
130 million US dollar, 40 km of dikes, 68km of road, SL of railroad, one bridge
were damaged, 60,000 inhabitants were affected)
• Flood control model (develop by Danish Institute in 1998 )
5. Legislative framework
• According to the constitution, the water of the country belongs to the people.
• Deforestation laws exist, but enforcement is extremely difficult.
• A national water law, negotiated for the past 10 years, has not yet passed, but
is expected to pass in the new government in the year 2000.
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18. C. CURRENT USES OF WATER RESOURCE
A. water supply
1. Domestic use and needs
Demand: 12.78 cubic meter per second (1994)
forecasted: 26 cubic meter per second (2010)
• Surface water not usable(contaminated)
• In urban areas GW is mostly used(deep wells or springs)
• Each municipality is responsible for its own w/s and maintenance
• w/s by municipality is of poor quality and 50% is loss in conveyance
• In rural areas each community is responsible for their own w/s
• 3 million people in rural areas do not have access to potable water
• Most part of area has latrines but no conventional sewerage
EMPAGUA, DSM-MSPYAS, INFOM, NGO……….(different agencies for water
administration) 18

19. 2. Industrial and commercial uses
• Own w/s operations
• Minimal data exist of industrial water use
3. Agriculture uses and needs
• Bananas, sugarcane, and coffee are the main irrigated crops of the
country. The private sector irrigates 80,000 hectares for bananas,
sugarcane, and hay, and the government irrigates 20,000 hectares for
vegetables, berries, and watermelon.
• Presently, most (about 95 percent) of the water irrigation is from
surface water sources, but since the quantity of surface water
available for irrigation is decreasing due to deforestation, ground
water is beginning to be used more.
• Drip irrigation is the type of irrigation system used in the country 19

20. B. Hydropower and Geothermal power
• INDE is responsible for the electrical energy system. Five major hydropower
plants and one geothermal plant operate in the country. In Guatemala, about
half of the electricity is supplied by hydropower and the other half by thermal
power (other than geothermal). More geothermal power is expected to be used
in the future.
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The two most serious problems facing the
hydropower projects are water contamination and
deforestation, which cause erosion and
sedimentation that is rapidly filling the reservoirs.

21. C. Stream Gage network
• INSIVUMEH is the agency responsible for water data collection
• No proper data exist:
• Due to civil war that lasted 36 year(data recovery in process)
• Budget, disrepair
D. Waterway Transportation
• Guatemala has an estimated 1,035 kilometers of navigable channels and
950 square kilometers of navigable lakes 34.
E. Recreation
• Tourism is considered as the second source of income after coffee. Most
tourism deals with history and archaeology, but adventure and ecological
tourism are closely related to water resources. The country possesses
much natural beauty, such as mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and tropical
jungles with more than 30 ecological reserves rich in flora and fauna.
35Lakes and rivers are a vital part of the landscape.
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22. D. EXISTING WATER RESOURCES
Surface water
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23. • Ground water resource
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24. E. WATER RESOURCE DEPARTMENT SUMMARY
This chapter summarizes the water resources information of
Guatemala, which can be useful to water planners as a countrywide
overview of the available water resources.
each department consists of a general and regional
summary of the surface water and ground water
resources
(Summary is provided by 22 departments)
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25. F. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Integral watershed management is needed to control deforestation and
the resulting erosion and sedimentation. Development of comprehensive
watershed and basin management plans is needed to curb these impacts.
• Plans should include (1) short-term measures (i.e., erosion stabilization,
small water supply systems, hydrologic and meteorological stations,
including the repair of the existing gages); (2) interim measures (i.e.,
sediment control programs, flood plain management, small reservoirs); and
(3) long-term measures(i.e., reforestation, large impoundment for flood
control, hydropower, and water supply).
• In certain areas of the country, the construction of small impoundments
for capturing water for water supply may be considered.
• Wastewater treatment is needed to improve the quality of the surface
water resources of the country, as much of the population uses surface
water for their water supply needs. 25

26. G. Overall summary
Water resources of Guatemala are a major concern. Reasons for the increased competition
for limited water resources are:
• Uneven rainfall distribution; • degradation of the watersheds caused by deforestation; •
no single agency responsible for management of water resources; • lack of wastewater
collection and treatment, and proper solid waste disposal; • poor water resources
management; • lack of adequate data needed to make informed decisions; • poor
irrigation supply network leading to underdevelopment of sector; • rapid growth in urban
areas increasing demand beyond system capacity; • lack of a national water law to protect
and preserve the resources; and • poor distribution networks.
Critical issues are the lack of access to water and sanitation, the high infant mortality rate,
the extensive environmental damage caused by deforestation, the lack of hydrologic data,
and the lack of watershed management. The solution to these issues presents significant
challenges to the managers of water resources of Guatemala. Throughout our meetings
with the managers, the recognition of the task before them and willingness to address the
issues were evident.
The lack of a national water and sanitation commission is the main reason for the absence
of minimum health conditions in the country. There are no clear strategies, policies, or
investment programs. Data is dispersed and unreliable. Coverage of potable water and
sanitation services is extremely low.
The recommendations offered in this report present the opportunities to improve the
water resources situation. If adopted, these actions can have positive long-term impacts.
Many of the other issues discussed in this report will require long-term institutional
commitments to affect change. Proper management of abundant water resources of
Guatemala can provide adequately for the needs of the country. 26

27. ADVANTAGE OF WRA
• Conducting a water resources assessment provides you with a
comprehensive understanding of the quality and quantity of water
resources in your area.
• Only by having a detailed understanding of the water resources in
your area, allows large-scale change in your water system.
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28. DISADVANTAGE
• “Classic” Water Resource Assessment focuses predominantly on
water on a regional or national level and does usually not consider
the nutrient cycle and sanitation.
• Conducting a water resources assessment requires considerable time
and resources.
• Requires the training and education of manpower in order to conduct
a comprehensive analysis of the water resources in your area.
• Requires a network of experts who are able to conduct, analyze and
share the data needed for the water resources assessment.
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29. WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
WRA is the “determination of sources, extent, dependability and quality of
water resources for their utilization and control.”
(HUBERT n.y.)
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