Chicago manual of style citations workshop

S T E V E K N O W L T O N & A L A I N S T . P I E R R E
P R I N C E T O N U N I V E R S I T Y L I B R A R Y
N O V E M B E R 2 8 , 2 0 1 8
Chicago Manual of Style
citations workshop

What is the
purpose of
citations?
 To allow other researchers to find
the same resources you used
 To give an honest account of your
research (e.g., when you found
something in an archive vs. a source
that was reprinted or digitized)
 Show your respect for scholarly
conventions – use a format that will
allow readers to quickly recognize
the type of source being cited

What is the
Chicago
Manual of
Style?
 Resource for book editors
 Published 1906 as Manual of Style:
Being a compilation of the
typographical rules in force at the
University of Chicago Press
 Contains rules for layout,
capitalization, abbreviations, use of
non-English words, etc. along with
citations
 Its rules for citations have been
widely adopted among historians
because they allow a great amount
of detail without cluttering up the
text

Resources to
help you
format
citations
correctly
 Chicago Manual of Style online:
https://library.princeton.edu/resou
rce/4306
 A Manual for Writers of Research
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and
Researchers by Kate L. Turabian
 A Pocket Guide to Writing in
History by Mary Lynn Rampolla
 Senior Thesis Guidelines:
https://history.princeton.edu/acade
mics/undergraduate/current-
concentrators/senior-year/senior-
thesis-guidelines

What Gets
Cited?
 all quotations and statistical data
 all facts not generally known to
historians (e.g., you don’t need to
cite that World War I ended in 1918,
but you do need to cite the names of
the German emissaries who
negotiated the armistice)
 all opinions or interpretations that
are not your own, whether quoted,
paraphrased, or summarized

Notes and
bibliography
 Chicago Manual of Style offers two
options: “Notes and Bibliography”
and “Author-Date References”.
Always use “Notes and Bibliography”
 Each cited source will appear in two
places
 1. As a note to the sentence that refers to
the source
 2. As an entry in a comprehensive
bibliography of all cited sources
 The format for notes and
bibliography entries are similar but
have important differences in details

Notes in detail  Notes are given in full the first time a work
appears
 Later appearances use a shortened version;
readers can refer to the bibliography
 In a work with multiple chapters
 Start numbering the notes at 1 from the
beginning of each chapter
 Give the full footnote the first time a work is
cited in each chapter
 Footnotes vs. endnotes
 Most published works use endnotes; this is
often to make layout easier
 Footnotes offer the advantage of saving the time
of the reader (don’t have to flip back and forth)
 Consult your advisor for their preferred style
(History students: use footnotes)
 If using endnotes, put all notes in a single
section at the end of the paper

Citing Books
 Essential elements:
 Author’s name
 Title (from title page)
 Editor, compiler, or translator, if any, if
listed on title page in addition to author
 Edition, if not the first
 Volume, if appropriate
 City, publisher, and date
 if more than one city is listed, use the
city in the country where you are writing
 Only use the state/country if the city is
not well known or could be confused
(London; Chicago; Stoke-on-Trent,
England; Lanham, MD; Washington,
DC)
 Page number or numbers if applicable

Note: elements separated
by various punctuation
Bibliography: elements
separated by periods
Atul
Gawande,
Being Mortal:
Medicine and
What Matters
in the End
(London:
Profile Books,
2014), 79–80.
Gawande,
Atul. Being
Mortal:
Medicine and
What Matters in
the End.
London: Profile
Books, 2014.
Books
Name in
standard order,
followed by
comma
Title in italics,
with no
following
punctuation
Publication info
in parentheses
Give page
numbers that
contain the
information you
used
Last name first
(helps to
alphabetize)
Don’t list page
numbers for
books

Citing Journal
Articles
 Author’s name
 Title of article (in quotation marks)
 Title of magazine, newspaper, or
journal (in italics) – omit “the” at
beginning
 Volume and issue number
 Date
 Range of pages

Ann Grodzins
Gold, “Grains of
Truth: Shifting
Hierarchies of
Food and Grace
in Three
Rajasthani
Tales,” History of
Religions 38, no.
2 (1998): 152–3.
Gold, Ann
Grodzins.
“Grains of Truth:
Shifting
Hierarchies of
Food and Grace
in Three
Rajasthani
Tales.” History of
Religions 38, no.
2 (1998): 150–71.
Journal Articles
Name in standard
order, followed by
comma
Article title in
quotations marks,
followed by comma
Journal title in
italics with no
punctuation
following
Give page numbers that
contain the information
you used; if referring to
the entire article, give
complete page range
Last name first
(helps to
alphabetize)
Give complete
page range
Article title in
quotations marks,
followed by period
Omit the word
“volume” but do
include “number” if
the vol. has more
than one issue
Journal title in
italics with no
punctuation
following
Omit the word
“volume” but
include number if
the vol. has more
than one issue
Colon, not comma
Colon, not comma

Citing
Chapters in
Multi-author
books
 Author’s name
 Title of chapter (in quotation marks)
 Title of book (in italics)
 Editor’s name
 Range of pages

Ruth A. Miller,
“Posthuman,”
in Critical Terms
for the Study of
Gender, ed.
Catharine R.
Stimpson and
Gilbert Herdt
(Chicago:
University of
Chicago Press,
2014), 325.
Miller, Ruth A.
“Posthuman.”
In Critical Terms
for the Study of
Gender, edited
by Catharine R.
Stimpson and
Gilbert Herdt,
314–33. Chicago:
University of
Chicago Press,
2014.
Chapters in Multi-author Books
Name in standard
order, followed by
comma
Chapter title in
quotations marks,
followed by comma
Book title in italics
preceded by “in”,
followed by comma
you used; if referring to
the entire chapter, give
complete page range
Last name first
(helps to
alphabetize)
Give complete page
range. Note that in
this case it precedes
the publication info
Article title in
quotations marks,
followed by period
Editor’s names in
standard order,
preceded by “ed.”
Book title in italics
preceded by “In”,
followed by comma
Editor’s names in
standard order,
preceded by “edited
by”
Publication info in
parentheses

Citing Multi-
volume Books
 Author’s name
 Title of book (in italics)
 Editor’s name, if applicable
 Number of volumes

Henry James,
The Complete
Tales of Henry
James, ed. Leon
Edel, vol.
5, 1883–1884
(London:
Rupert Hart-
Davis, 1963),
32–33.
James,
Henry. The
Complete Tales
of Henry
James. Edited
by Leon Edel. 12
vols. London:
Rupert Hart-
Davis, 1962–64.
Multi-volume Books
Name in standard
order, followed by
comma
Book title in italics,
followed by comma
you used
Last name first
(helps to
alphabetize)
followed by period
Editor’s names in
standard order,
preceded by “ed.”
Total number of
volumes in the set
Editor’s names in
standard order,
preceded by
“Edited by”
Publication info in
parentheses
Volume number
consulted; if the
volume has a
separate title,
italicize it Publication info
includes the dates
of first and last
volumes to be
issued

Encyclopedia
or Dictionary
Entries
 Title of encyclopedia
 Edition
 Year

Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 15th
ed. (1980), s.v.
“Jenkin’s Ear,
War of.”
Encyclopaedia
Britannica. 15th
ed. Chicago:
Encyclopedia
Brittanica,
1980.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entries
followed by comma
Give the entry exactly
as it appears in the
book, in quotation
marks
followed by period
Edition number (if
not the first); year Edition number if
not the first
s.v. stands for Latin
sub verbo (“under
the word”) –
meaning the reader
can look up the
entry using
alphabetical order,
so ne need for page
numbers
Publication info
followed by period

General
Considerations
 Capitalization of titles:
 Capitalize the first and last words in titles
and subtitles, and capitalize all other major
words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs).
 Lowercase the articles the, a, and an.
 Lowercase prepositions, regardless of
length, except when they are used
adverbially or adjectivally (up in Look
Up, down in Turn Down, on in The On
Button, to in Come To, etc.)
 Lowercase the common coordinating
conjunctions and, but, for, or, and nor.
 Lowercase to not only as a preposition but
also as part of an infinitive (to Run, to Hide,
etc.), and lowercase as.
 Lowercase the part of a proper name that
would be lowercased in text, such
as de or von.

General
Considerations
Initials in Author Names:
 Always put a space between
initials: P. D. James
Non-English names:
See sections 8.4-8.18, but generally
use the name as it is used in the
language of the person (e.g.,
surname first in Korean names;
omit “von” in German names
except when spelling them out
completely)

General
Considerations
Page numbers:
If the range is between 101 and 109,
etc., show only the number that
changed: 101-8
If the range is between 110 and 199,
etc., show last two digits: 808-33

Shortened
Citations
When a source is cited more
than once in a chapter:
• Give a full citation on its first
appearance
• Use a shortened citation for
subsequent appearances, but be
sure to include the page numbers
that contain the information you
are referencing
• Miller, “Posthuman,” 325.
• Gawande, Being Mortal, 102-10.

Full Citation Shortened Citation
 Samuel A. Morley, Poverty and
Inequality in Latin America: The
Impact of Adjustment and
Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1995), 24–25.
 Regina M. Schwartz, “Nationals and
Nationalism: Adultery in the House
of David,” Critical Inquiry 19, no. 1
(1992): 131–32.
 Ernest Kaiser, “The Literature of
Harlem,” in Harlem: A Community
in Transition, ed. J. H. Clarke (New
York: Citadel Press, 1964).
 Morley, Poverty and Inequality, 43.
 Schwartz, “Nationals and
Nationalism,” 138.
 Kaiser, “Literature of Harlem,” 189–
90.

General
Considerations
Ibid., Idem., Loc. cit., Op. cit.
DO NOT USE THESE; use a shortened
citation
When several sources are used in one
sentence
Include the full citation of each, separated by
semicolons
Arnold Sutton, “The Analysis of Free Verse Form,
Illustrated by a Reading of Whitman,” Journal of
Aesthetics and Art Criticism 18, no. 2 (December
1959): 241–54; Paul Fussell, “Whitman’s Curious
Warble: Reminiscence and Reconciliation,” in The
Presence of Walt Whitman, ed. R. W. B. Lewis (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 28–51; Edith
Coffman, “ ‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’: A Note on the
Catalog Technique in Whitman’s Poetry,” Modern
Philology 51, no. 4 (May 1954): 225–32.

Citing Primary
Sources
Archival material
Provide a full guide to the exact
location of the document you are
citing – imagine another researcher
trying to find it
Collection name
Archive name
Box number
Folder name
In bibliography, only necessary to
make a single entry for the collection
as a whole

Gilbert McMicken
to Alexander
Morris, November
29, 1881,
Document 1359,
fol. 1r, Alexander
Morris Papers,
MG-12-84,
Provincial
Archives of
Manitoba,
Winnipeg.
Morris,
Alexander.
Papers, MG-12-
84. Provincial
Archives of
Manitoba,
Winnipeg.
Archival material
Full description of
the document (in
this case a letter)
Date of document
Name of person or
organization that
generated the
archive
Name of collection
(omit personal
name from
collections like
“Alexander Morris
Papers”
Location within the
archival collection
Name and location
of archive
Name of collection
and any other
identifying info
Name and location
of archive

Citing Primary
Sources
Archival material
Shortened citation (after the first
full citation):
Give a full description, date, box,
and folder number, but use just the
collection name.
Alexander Morris to Gilbert McMicken,
December 5, 1881, Document 1365, fol.
1r, Alexander Morris Papers.

Citing Primary
Sources
Newspapers and magazines
Similar to a journal article, but use
full date instead of volume and
issue
For magazines, add page numbers
In bibliography, only necessary to
make a single entry for the
publication generally

Mike Royko,
“Next Time,
Dan, Take Aim
at Arnold,”
Chicago
Tribune,
September 23,
1992, evening
ed.
Chicago
Tribune, 1994-
1999.
Oregonian
(Portland, OR)
York (NE)
News-Times.
Newspaper or Magazine
Name in standard
order, followed by
comma (note:
many newspaper
items have not
bylines)
Article title in
quotations marks,
followed by comma
Newspapers or
magazine title in
itatlics, followed by
comma
Full date
If the city appears
on the masthead,
italicize it
Include the edition
if known; some
newspapers issued
more than one
edition per day
Page number is not
needed
If the city is absent
from the masthead,
add the city in the
appropriate place
Include the date range
of issues consulted
If the city is not
well-known, add
the state

Newspaper Titles
 City name appears in
masthead
 City name is absent from
masthead

Jill Lepore,
“The Man Who
Broke the Music
Business,” New
Yorker, April
27, 2015, 59.
New Yorker,
1994-1999.
LePore, Jill.
“The Man Who
Broke the Music
Business.” New
Yorker, April
27, 2015.
Newspaper or Magazine
Name in standard
order, followed by
comma (note:
many newspaper
items have not
bylines)
Article title in
quotations marks,
followed by comma
Newspaper or
magazine title in
itatlics, followed by
comma
Full date
If you only used
short items, you
can list just the
magazine generally
Page number you
consulted
However, for
substantial articles,
make an entry for
the article
Include the date range
of issues consulted

Citing Primary
Sources
Websites
More like a newspaper or magazine
Title
Owner or sponsor of the site
Date, if available
URL

“Apps for Office
Sample Pack,”
Office Dev
Center, Microsoft
Corporation,
updated October
20, 2015,
https://code.msd
n.microsoft.com/
office/Apps-for-
Office-code-
d04762b7.
Microsoft
Corporation,
Office Dev Center.
“Apps for Office
Sample Pack.”
Updated October
20, 2015.
https://code.msdn
.microsoft.com/off
ice/Apps-for-
Office-code-
d04762b7.
Website
Title of the website
in quotation marks
Name of website
owner or sponsor,
followed by comma
Date of the update you
consulted
Full URL followed
by period
Full URL followed
by period
Name of website
owner or sponsor
Title of the website
in quotation
marks , followed by
comma
Date of the update you
consulted, followed by
comma

Citing Primary
Sources
Social Media
Usually untitled
Author (and screen name) – for
pseudonymous authors use just screen
name
First 160 characters in place of title
(capitalize as in the original)
The type of post
Date and time
URL
For bibliography, simply cite the
account as a whole

Conan O’Brien
(@ConanOBrien),
“In honor of
Earth Day, I’m
recycling my
tweets,” Twitter,
April 22, 2015,
11:10 a.m., ,
https://twitter.co
m/ConanOBrien/
status/59094079
2967016448.
O’Brien,
Conan. Twitter
feed.
https://twitter.c
om/ConanOBri
en/.
Social Media
Description of
social media forum
Author name and
screen name
followed by comma
Full URL followed
by period
Full URL followed
by period
Name of website
owner or sponsor
First 160 characters
of post, in
quotation marks
followed by comma
Type of post
Date and time

Citing Primary
Sources
Interview and Oral Histories
Will vary depending on whether you
conducted them, or consulted someone
else’s notes
Name of interviewee
Name of interviewer
Date of interview
Details of archival collection if
appropriate
Bibliography entry not needed for
interviews you conducted
If you consulted an archival collection of
interviews, enter it like any other archival
collection

Conducted by you (Notes)
Consulted in an archive
(Notes)
Andrew
Macmillan, in
discussion with
the author,
September 1998.
Benjamin Spock,
interview by
Milton J. E.
Senn, November
20, 1974,
interview 67A,
transcript, Senn
Oral History
Collection,
National Library
of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD.
Interviews and Oral Histories
Name of
interviewee
followed by comma
Description of
interviewing
situation
Date of interview
followed by period
Name of
interviewee
followed by comma
Description of
interviewing
situation including
name of
interviewer
Date of interview
followed by period
Full archival
description

Citing Primary
Sources
Personal Communications
It is not necessary to make a note or
bibliography entry for letters,
emails, or phone calls that you
received personally.
Simply write them into the text:
“In an email to the author [that’s you in
the third person] on October 5, 2018,
Keith Wailoo reported that many
residents of Memphis whom he knows
suffer from inadequate access to medical
care.”

Citing Primary
Sources
Government Documents
Please consult Turabian or sections
14.276-14.305. Every nation and
intergovernmental agency has its
own style.

Other
Considerations
Digitized Materials
It is acceptable to cite material as
though you consulted the original,
if you are confident the
reproduction is a faithful copy
However, to allow other researchers
to follow your trail, it is courteous
to include the name of the digitized
collection you consulted. Add the
name of the database at the end of
the citation.

Other
Considerations
Examples of notes for digitized sources
Journal article
Zina Giannopoulou, “Prisoners of Plot in José
Saramago’s The Cave,” Philosophy and
Literature 38, no. 2 (2014): 335, Project
MUSE.
Newspaper article
“Flag for the Negro,” New York Times, July 1,
1904, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
Primary Source
Jewish Committee Hannover to Herrn Lipsky,
August 4, 1947, Document HA10-VIII-A12-1,
The Henriques Collection, The Wiener
Library, London, Archives Unbound.

Citing Material
Found in
Secondary
Sources
It is your ethical duty to cite material in
the source you found it – even if the
source you are using has a citation to
the original
Dovie Beams and Ferdinand Marcos, telephone
conversation, January 17, 1970, transcribed in
Hermie Rotea, Marcos’ Lovey Dovie (Los
Angeles: Liberty Publishing, 1983), 144-48.
For the bibliography, simply make an entry
for the book as a whole.

Citing Material
Found in
Secondary
Sources
It is your ethical duty to cite material in
the source you found it – even if the
source you are using has a citation to
the original
Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and
Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931):
269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne
Moore: Imaginary Possessions(Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
(In this case, it is best to try to find the
original, however.)

Format for
Bibliography
Divide Into Sections. Within each
section, alphabetize by author (or title
if no author), then title. Use hanging
indent.

Cite pages 101-104 of this book; and make a
bibliography entry

Note Bibliography
 Michael Zakim,
Accounting for
Capitalism: The World
the Clerk Made
(Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2018),
101-4.
 Zakim, Michael.
Accounting for
Capitalism: The World
the Clerk Made.
Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2018.
Book

Cite pages 271-273 of this article and make a
bibliography entry

Note Bibliography
 Peter Wirzbicki, “Black
Transcendentalism:
William Cooper Nell, the
Adelphic Union, and the
Black Abolitionist
Intellectual Tradition,”
Journal of the Civil War
Era 8, no. 2 (June 2018):
271-73, Project Muse.
 Wirzbicki, Peter. “Black
Transcendentalism:
William Cooper Nell, the
Adelphic Union, and the
Black Abolitionist
Intellectual Tradition.”
Journal of the Civil War
Era 8, no. 2 (June 2018):
269-90. Project Muse.
Article

Cite pages 238-240 of this chapter and make a
bibliography entry
Title page of book First page of chapter (chapter covers
pages 238-248)

Note Bibliography
 Robert S. Browne, “The
Economic Basis for
Reparations to Black
America,” in Redress for
Historical Injustices in the
United States: On
Reparations for Slavery,
Jim Crow, and Their
Legacies, ed. Michael T.
Martin and Marilyn
Yaquinto (Durham, NC:
Duke University Press,
2007), 238-40.
 Browne, Robert S. “The
Economic Basis for
Reparations to Black
America.” In Redress for
Historical Injustices in the
United States: On
Reparations for Slavery,
Jim Crow, and Their
Legacies, edited by Michael
T. Martin and Marilyn
Yaquinto, 238-48.
Durham, NC: Duke
University Press, 2007.
Book Chapter

Cite this archival source and make a bibliography
entry (from Princeton University Archives)

Note Bibliography
 Robert F. Goheen to
Richard A. Lester,
August 17, 1970, Office of
the President Records:
Robert F. Goheen (AC#
183), Box 38, Folder 5
(Afro-American Studies
Program, 1970),
Princeton University
Archives, Princeton, NJ.
 Office of the President
Records: Robert F.
Goheen (AC# 183).
Princeton University
Archives, Princeton,
NJ.
Archival Material

Cite this article found in America’s Historical
Newspapers and make a bibliography entry

Note Bibliography
 “Base Submission,”
Boston Daily
Advertiser, January 7,
1896, America’s
Historical Newspapers.
 Boston Daily
Advertiser, 1894-1899.
America’s Historical
Newspapers.
Newspaper Article

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